Booklet 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Whose troops remained in Italy after the creation of the Kingdom of Italy?
A
French
2
Q
At what Convention did Napoleon agree to evacuate his troops out of Rome? What year?
A
September Convention
1864
3
Q
What did the capital of Italy change to, as part of the September Convention agreement?
A
From Turin to Florence
4
Q
Under which PM, did the government agree to the September Convention?
A
Minghetti
5
Q
What did the September Convention agreement lead to?
A
A storm of rioting in Turin, 23 people died
6
Q
What was VEII response to the riots in Turin?
A
Sacked Minghetti
7
Q
Why was Austria maintaining Venetia viewed as important by the Great Powers?
A
Would maintain the balance of power in Europe
8
Q
How had Cavour attempted to weaken Austrian power?
A
Tried to encourage a Hungarian revolution
9
Q
When was the free trade treaty made between Prussia and France?
A
1862
10
Q
When did Cavour die?
A
June 1861
11
Q
How many different PMs followed after Cavour?
A
5
12
Q
Who were these PM’s that followed Cavour? What years did they govern from?
A
Ricasoli (1861-62), Rattazzi (March-December 1862), Farini (1862-63), Minghetti (1863-64), La Marmora (1864-66)
13
Q
Which two PMs did not object to Garibaldi’s agitation over Rome?
A
Ricasoli and Rattazzi
14
Q
What organisation did Garibaldi set up in 1862?
A
The Society for the Emancipation of Rome
15
Q
Which PM was forced to stop Garibaldi attacking Rome?
A
Rattazzi
16
Q
Which PM attempted to stab the King?
A
Farini
17
Q
What did Mazzini describe the new Italy as?
A
A ‘sham’
18
Q
What % of the population made up the electorate for Parliament?
A
2%
19
Q
How many members of Parliament were elected by how many voters?
A
443 members of Parliament
150 000 voters
20
Q
Except where was a single legal code adopted in the New Kingdom of Italy?
A
Tuscany
21
Q
What year was a civil law code introduced for the whole of Italy?
A
1865
22
Q
How much land had the Pope lost to the new Kingdom?
A
2/3
23
Q
Where did nationalists want the capital of Italy to be?
A
Rome
24
Q
What term can be used to describe the uneasy relationship which developed between the Church and the state?
A
Fractious Cohabitation
25
Whose scientific theory undermined the spiritual power of the Church?
Darwin’s Origin of Species (1859)
26
Which theologian state that ‘the Bible should not be treated as accurate’ in the 1860s?
French Catholic Renan
27
What was the Papacy’s response to the threat from the new Kingdom?
The Syllabus of Errors
28
When was the Syllabus of Errors issued?
8th December 1864
29
What did the Syllabus of Errors claim?
The Church would retain control over the education system and all culture and science
30
How did the new Kingdom react to the Church’s demands and response to retaining its spiritual and temporal power?
Increased Church taxation and made the Church hand over property
31
What year did the Church have to start handing over property?
1866
32
What did the Vatican Council agree to in 1869?
Dogma of Papal Infallibility
33
What did the Dogma of Papal Infallibility state?
The word of the Pope was indisputable. Marked his spiritual supremacy
34
When was the Dogma of Papal Infallibility proclaimed?
1870
35
When did the Pope declare himself a prisoner of the Vatican?
Following the annexation of Rome in 1870
36
What issues did the plebiscites in 1860 cover up?
People only voted against the tyranny of the rulers and revolts of the peasants, not really for unification
Voting systems were corrupt – most were illiterate so did not understand what they were voting for
37
Which state were the ‘no’ slips not even bought to the voting stations?
Nice
38
When was the Casati law introduced?
1859
39
What did the Casati law do?
Made primary education compulsory, but this did not happen in the South as the majority are illiterate
40
Which two areas were known for having regional autonomy?
Sicily and Naples
41
Who did Cavour order to crush opposition in the South, following an uprising when, by Bourbon agents?
Farini
October 1860
42
How many decrees were used to change the legal system of Naples? In how many days?
53 decrees in 2 days
43
When were the legal decrees introduced in Naples?
February 1861
44
How many provinces did Piedmontisation divide the new Kingdom into?
53 Provinces
45
Who governed these provinces?
A prefect
46
What systems were all standardised by Piedmontisation?
Customs, coinage, weights, and measures
47
Where had Cavour never travelled past?
Tuscany – never been to the South
48
What had to be paid for, due to attacking the Church?
Education
49
How many monasteries and convents were dissolved as a result of attacking the Church?
2382
50
Who was able to corrupt the jury system introduced in the South?
The mafia
51
What were the two drawbacks of Piedmontisation?
Ignorance of regional affairs
Lack of resources, both financial and human
52
Which state had been promised its own constitution and had its own legal systems, education systems and local government?
Lombardy
53
Who removed Lombardy's promise of autonomy? How?
La Marmora
Emergence decree and no debate
54
Which state voted for annexation in August 1860?
Modena
55
Which state was the only exception to Piedmontisation, at least in the short term? Why?
Tuscany
Due to the power of Baron Ricasoli
56
The collapse of the Bourbon rule led to what in the South?
Power vacuum
57
How much debt did the new Kingdom have caused by the war?
2.5 billion Lire debt
58
What was introduced which took young men away from their families and farms?
Conscription
59
How many took to the Hills to avoid military service in 1861?
25,000
60
Who was the Piedmontese general who ordered Bourbon soldiers to be shot if they were found with weapons?
General Cialdini
61
What emerged as a result of discontent, and dislike of conscription?
Brigandage and a civil war
62
Who made up the Brigands?
Unemployed, the disillusioned and 1000 convicts
63
How many Piedmontese soldiers were deployed to deal with the Brigands?
120 000
64
By 1862 how many Brigands were there?
82,000
65
How many troops were engaged in peace keeping by 1863?
90 000
66
By what year had Brigandage ended?
1865
67
Which leader of the Brigands fled?
Crocco
68
Where was there a week-long rebellion in 1866?
Palermo, Sicily
69
How much did the war debt increase by in 1865?
Doubled 4 years after 1861
70
What unpopular tax was introduced in 1865?
Flour Tax
71
What fraction of Italian bonds were in foreign hands by the 1860s?
1/3
72
What % of state expenditure did the debt reach in 1866?
60%
73
What unpopular tax was reintroduced in 1868 to help lower debt?
Grist Tax/Macinato
74
How many died or were wounded in riots in the following two weeks after Grist tax was reintroduced?
250 died
1,000 wounded
75
When were the riots following the Grist tax being reintroduced?
1869
76
How much Church land was sold off in how many years following the 1867 act?
9 million acres in 9 years
77
What % of agricultural produce was used to pay off debt?
30%
78
Which economist said that ‘production was the same as the time of the Roman Empire’?
Nassau Senior
79
How many people were employed in industry by 1861?
3 million
80
What % of these industrial workers were women and children?
80%
81
How many km of railway were there by the time of unification?
2773km
82
Which city was linked by major roadways to European cities?
Milan
83
Which two railway system were linked in 1857?
Lombard and Venetian systems
84
Where were there no railways at all in the new Kingdom?
Sardinia and Sicily
85
Name an industry which suffered due to a lack of railways present?
Olive oil industry in Apulia
86
When did railways pass into private hands?
1865
87
When was the Mount Cenis Tunnel completed?
1871
88
What type of economy dominated in Italy?
Dual economy – mainly trade in the north. South remained backwards and poor
89
Who coined the terms ‘real Italy’ and ‘legal Italy’?
Historian Martin Clark
90
What do the terms 'real' and 'legal' Italy?
‘Legal Italy’ meant those who were part of the state, absorbing those who wished to be part of the new Italy.
‘Real Italy’ meant those who felt isolated and betrayed by Piedmontisation
91
What did Baron Ricasoli say on taking office?
“We claim Rome as our natural capital and Venetia as an integral part of our national soil”
92
What group did Garibaldi form in December 1861, combining which other groups?
Set up the Italian Freedom Association
Combined his ‘party of action’ with other various groups
93
A group of Garibaldi supports were arrested on the Austrian border when, and led by whom?
May 1861
Led by Nullo
94
Which two years did Garibaldi attempt to engineer uprisings?
1862 and 1864
95
Who was forced to intervene to stop Garibaldi’s attempted uprisings?
The Italian government
96
When was the Schleswig-Holstein affair?
1866
97
What was the Schleswig-Holstein affair?
Austria was deemed to have violated the joint sovereignty of the region
98
How did the Schleswig-Holstein affair benefit Italy?
Prussia had a declining relationship with Austria, with both Italy and Prussia now seeing them as a common enemy
99
Which PM offered to buy Venetia off Austria?
La Marmora
100
How much did La Mamora offer to buy Venetia off Austria for?
1000 million Lire
101
Who was the Prussian minister?
Bismarck
102
Where and when did the Prussian minister and Napoleon meet, where Napoleon promised neutrality?
Biarritz
1865
103
Which general formed a military agreement in Berlin, for Italy to receive Venetia for war contributions, and when?
General Govone
April 1866
104
What date did Italy declare war on Austria?
20th June 1866
105
How many days prior to Italy had Prussia declared war on Austria?
4 days prior
106
How many troops did Italy have (Austro-Prussian War)?
250,000 men
107
How many troops did Austria have (Austro-Prussian War)?
130,000 men
108
How many ironclad ships did Italy have?
12
109
How many ironclad ships did Austria have?
7
110
Who led the Italian naval fleet? What was the issue?
Admiral Persano
Only led the fleet due to corruption and bribery
111
What % of the army reached the front?
25%
112
What date did the Italian forces fight at Custozza?
24th June 1866
113
What happened at Custozza?
Italian forces fled in panic and confused orders set in. This ruined reputations and destroyed Italian military pride
114
At what battle was Persano’s fleet destroyed, in July 1866?
Battle of Lissa
115
How many ships did Persano lose at the Battle of Lisa?
3
116
What was the name of the pride ship of the Italian navy, which was lost in the Battle of Lissa?
Re d’Italia
117
How many shells had Persano’s fleet fired, and how many hits?
Fired 1450 shells
No hits
118
Where did the Prussians crush the Austrian army? When?
Sadowa
3rd July 1866
119
When was an armistice signed with Austria (Austro-Prussian War)?
26th July 1866
120
How did Italy receive Venetia?
Ceded by Napoleon to Italy, after France were given Venetia for remaining neutral in the war, as agreed in a secret treaty with Prussia
121
What were the plebiscite results in Venetia?
647 246 to 69 in favour
122
When did the Austrians leave Venetia?
October 1866
123
What did Crispi write in 1866?
“To be Italian was something that we once longed for, now in the present circumstances it is shameful”
124
What two measures had to be introduced to pay off war debt?
Nationalising of Church land (1867) and Grist Tax (1868)
125
Why was Rome so important to Italy?
Not geographically united without Rome, symbol of foreign interference, nationalists would feel betrayed, and the Pope needed to be bought under control as his influence undermined the new Kingdom
126
Where had Piedmont defeated the Papal forces in September 1860?
Castelfidaro
127
What happened in France as a result of Napoleon not protecting the Pope in 1860?
Catholic backlash
128
Which group voted to keep French troops in Rome? When?
The French Chamber of Deputies and Senate
March 1861
129
What did the September Convention of 1864 allow the Pope to do?
Raise an army of 10 000 troops for protection and in return the French would leave within 2 years
130
Why was Napoleon III glad to be leaving Rome?
Dislike the oppressive regime of the Pope as he had more liberal qualities, but was being forced to keep his own Catholics content
131
When did the French troops leave Rome? Why did they return in 1867?
Left in December 1866
Returned as Garibaldi tried to seize Rome
132
How long did the French garrison stay until after returning in 1867?
1870
133
When did Garibaldi leave Caprera?
1862
134
How many men did he gather from his “party of action” and march on Rome 1862?
4000
135
When and where was Garibaldi stopped from entering Rome?
29th August 1862
Aspromonte Mountains
136
What did Garibaldi state is aim was, after denouncing the King for double standards?
“To capture Rome and abolish the Pope”
137
What type of weapons did the French have when they returned to Rome in 1867?
Modern breech-loading rifles
138
When was Garibaldi defeated at Mentana?
3rd November 1867
139
When was Florence proclaimed the capital of Italy?
April 1865
140
What 3 things had Garibaldi not anticipated when he attempted to seize Rome?
Didn’t realise he would have to face the French
Had to face the Italian army who would not allow ‘bandits’
No popular uprising against the Pope occurred
141
When did Napoleon seek an anti-Prussian alliance with Italy and Austria?
May 1870
142
What did Italy demand from the French? Why was this significant?
Demanded Rome
Austria would not join France without Italy, as it could risk a war with Prussia
143
Why did France withdraw their garrison from Rome (1870)?
Needed to fight against Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War
144
Where were the French defeated?
Sedan
145
Which PM governed Italy in May 1871?
Lanza
146
What agreement did the PM of Italy form after French withdrawal from Rome?
A formal agreement with Spain, Austria, and Catholic states in Germany to send Italian troops to Rome
147
Who did VEII send to Rome to deliver a letter to Pius IX, suggesting he allow the peaceful entry of the Italian army into Rome, in return for protection?
Count Gustavo Ponza di San Martino
148
When did Ponza reach the Pope?
10th September 1870
149
What was the Pope’s response to VEII's letter?
Called them “a set of vipers, of white sepulchers, and wanting in faith”
150
What term meant excommunication by the Pope?
Encyclical Respicientes
151
When did the Italian army enter Rome?
20th September 1870
152
Who led the Italian army into Rome?
The Bersaglieri (troop of marksmen)
153
Which street did the Italian army march down? What was it renamed?
Via Pia
Renamed Via XX Settembre
154
How many Italian soldiers and officers died?
49 soldiers and 4 officers
155
How many Papal troops died?
19
156
When was a plebiscite held for the annexation of Rome and Latium?
2nd October 1870
157
What were the plebiscite results?
133 681 to 1507 in favour
158
When was the decree which accepted the plebiscite results?
9th October 1870
159
What did the Italian government pass in May 1871 attempting to appease the Pope?
The Law of Guarantees
160
How much did the above grant the Pope a year?
£129 000 per annum
161
What did Pius IX declare of himself in response?
A prisoner of the Vatican
162
When was the capital moved to Rome from Florence?
July 1871
163
When did the Pope officially recognize the Kingdom of Italy?
1929
164
What negative effects did unification have on Southern Italy?
The collapse of industries such as silk could not compete with their northern competitors.
Widespread de-industrialisation boosted industry in the north.
Higher taxation - poor targeted, used the money to invest in public works, land reclamation, and the military in the north.
165
What was the infant mortality rate for children under 1 and 5 by 1871?
Under 1 - 22.7%
Under 5 - 50%
166
How many Italians emigrated in 1871?
120,000
167
How much in compensation for the loss of land did the Piedmontese government give the Pope?
3,225,000 lire per year as compensation
168
How many courts were there in Rome? Where?
2 courts in Rome
One - Quirinale Palace
Two - Vatican
169
What was the size of the electorate by 1871 in Italy? What % of the total population is this?
Narrow electorate 500,000 (2.2% of population)
170
What percentage of those eligible actually voted? Who boycotted?
60% of those eligible voted did so, as Catholics and Republicans boycotted on principle.
171
Who led an armed attack on an army barracks?
A Mazzinian called Barsanti
172
Where did Barsanti attack the army barracks? When?
Pavia, 24th March 1870
173
How many petitioned for Barsanti to be pardoned?
Arrested and shot despite 40,000 petitioning for his release
174
What was Italian irredentism?
A nationalist movement promoting the unification of geographic areas in which indigenous ethnic Italian-speaking persons formed a majority or substantial minority of the population.
175
What regions did Republicans want to free from Hapsburg control?
Trentino, Istria, and Trieste
176
What did those on the 'Left' of politics agitate against? Who was there most prominent figure?
Agitated against France, 1870 Crispi called for a return of Nice and Savoy to Italian control
177
What was the monarchy a symbol of by 1870?
Symbol of unity, stability, and anti-radicalism/republicanism
178
What was the military police force called?
Carabinieri
179
How many Carabinieri were there?
25,000
180
How many local police men were there in Italy by unification?
18,000
181
How many provinces was the country divided up into? Who were they governed by?
69 provinces, governed by a prefect, appointed by the government in Rome
182
How many Communi were there by 1870?
8,382 Communi
183
What was the role of Communi?
Help locals, coordinating public health, education, and taxes
184
What name was given to war time veterans?
Patroti
185
How large was the Italian Army by unification? How many in reserve?
215,000 with a further 2 million in reserve
