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Booklet 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Whose troops remained in Italy after the creation of the Kingdom of Italy?

A

French

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2
Q

At what Convention did Napoleon agree to evacuate his troops out of Rome? What year?

A

September Convention
1864

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3
Q

What did the capital of Italy change to, as part of the September Convention agreement?

A

From Turin to Florence

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4
Q

Under which PM, did the government agree to the September Convention?

A

Minghetti

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5
Q

What did the September Convention agreement lead to?

A

A storm of rioting in Turin, 23 people died

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6
Q

What was VEII response to the riots in Turin?

A

Sacked Minghetti

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7
Q

Why was Austria maintaining Venetia viewed as important by the Great Powers?

A

Would maintain the balance of power in Europe

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8
Q

How had Cavour attempted to weaken Austrian power?

A

Tried to encourage a Hungarian revolution

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9
Q

When was the free trade treaty made between Prussia and France?

A

1862

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10
Q

When did Cavour die?

A

June 1861

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11
Q

How many different PMs followed after Cavour?

A

5

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12
Q

Who were these PM’s that followed Cavour? What years did they govern from?

A

Ricasoli (1861-62), Rattazzi (March-December 1862), Farini (1862-63), Minghetti (1863-64), La Marmora (1864-66)

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13
Q

Which two PMs did not object to Garibaldi’s agitation over Rome?

A

Ricasoli and Rattazzi

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14
Q

What organisation did Garibaldi set up in 1862?

A

The Society for the Emancipation of Rome

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15
Q

Which PM was forced to stop Garibaldi attacking Rome?

A

Rattazzi

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16
Q

Which PM attempted to stab the King?

A

Farini

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17
Q

What did Mazzini describe the new Italy as?

A

A ‘sham’

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18
Q

What % of the population made up the electorate for Parliament?

A

2%

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19
Q

How many members of Parliament were elected by how many voters?

A

443 members of Parliament
150 000 voters

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20
Q

Except where was a single legal code adopted in the New Kingdom of Italy?

A

Tuscany

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21
Q

What year was a civil law code introduced for the whole of Italy?

A

1865

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22
Q

How much land had the Pope lost to the new Kingdom?

A

2/3

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23
Q

Where did nationalists want the capital of Italy to be?

A

Rome

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24
Q

What term can be used to describe the uneasy relationship which developed between the Church and the state?

A

Fractious Cohabitation

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25
Q

Whose scientific theory undermined the spiritual power of the Church?

A

Darwin’s Origin of Species (1859)

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26
Q

Which theologian state that ‘the Bible should not be treated as accurate’ in the 1860s?

A

French Catholic Renan

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27
Q

What was the Papacy’s response to the threat from the new Kingdom?

A

The Syllabus of Errors

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28
Q

When was the Syllabus of Errors issued?

A

8th December 1864

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29
Q

What did the Syllabus of Errors claim?

A

The Church would retain control over the education system and all culture and science

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30
Q

How did the new Kingdom react to the Church’s demands and response to retaining its spiritual and temporal power?

A

Increased Church taxation and made the Church hand over property

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31
Q

What year did the Church have to start handing over property?

A

1866

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32
Q

What did the Vatican Council agree to in 1869?

A

Dogma of Papal Infallibility

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33
Q

What did the Dogma of Papal Infallibility state?

A

The word of the Pope was indisputable. Marked his spiritual supremacy

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34
Q

When was the Dogma of Papal Infallibility proclaimed?

A

1870

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35
Q

When did the Pope declare himself a prisoner of the Vatican?

A

Following the annexation of Rome in 1870

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36
Q

What issues did the plebiscites in 1860 cover up?

A

People only voted against the tyranny of the rulers and revolts of the peasants, not really for unification
Voting systems were corrupt – most were illiterate so did not understand what they were voting for

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37
Q

Which state were the ‘no’ slips not even bought to the voting stations?

A

Nice

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38
Q

When was the Casati law introduced?

A

1859

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39
Q

What did the Casati law do?

A

Made primary education compulsory, but this did not happen in the South as the majority are illiterate

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40
Q

Which two areas were known for having regional autonomy?

A

Sicily and Naples

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41
Q

Who did Cavour order to crush opposition in the South, following an uprising when, by Bourbon agents?

A

Farini
October 1860

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42
Q

How many decrees were used to change the legal system of Naples? In how many days?

A

53 decrees in 2 days

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43
Q

When were the legal decrees introduced in Naples?

A

February 1861

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44
Q

How many provinces did Piedmontisation divide the new Kingdom into?

A

53 Provinces

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45
Q

Who governed these provinces?

A

A prefect

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46
Q

What systems were all standardised by Piedmontisation?

A

Customs, coinage, weights, and measures

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47
Q

Where had Cavour never travelled past?

A

Tuscany – never been to the South

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48
Q

What had to be paid for, due to attacking the Church?

A

Education

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49
Q

How many monasteries and convents were dissolved as a result of attacking the Church?

A

2382

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50
Q

Who was able to corrupt the jury system introduced in the South?

A

The mafia

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51
Q

What were the two drawbacks of Piedmontisation?

A

Ignorance of regional affairs
Lack of resources, both financial and human

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52
Q

Which state had been promised its own constitution and had its own legal systems, education systems and local government?

A

Lombardy

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53
Q

Who removed Lombardy’s promise of autonomy? How?

A

La Marmora
Emergence decree and no debate

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54
Q

Which state voted for annexation in August 1860?

A

Modena

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55
Q

Which state was the only exception to Piedmontisation, at least in the short term? Why?

A

Tuscany
Due to the power of Baron Ricasoli

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56
Q

The collapse of the Bourbon rule led to what in the South?

A

Power vacuum

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57
Q

How much debt did the new Kingdom have caused by the war?

A

2.5 billion Lire debt

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58
Q

What was introduced which took young men away from their families and farms?

A

Conscription

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59
Q

How many took to the Hills to avoid military service in 1861?

A

25,000

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60
Q

Who was the Piedmontese general who ordered Bourbon soldiers to be shot if they were found with weapons?

A

General Cialdini

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61
Q

What emerged as a result of discontent, and dislike of conscription?

A

Brigandage and a civil war

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62
Q

Who made up the Brigands?

A

Unemployed, the disillusioned and 1000 convicts

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63
Q

How many Piedmontese soldiers were deployed to deal with the Brigands?

A

120 000

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64
Q

By 1862 how many Brigands were there?

A

82,000

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65
Q

How many troops were engaged in peace keeping by 1863?

A

90 000

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66
Q

By what year had Brigandage ended?

A

1865

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67
Q

Which leader of the Brigands fled?

A

Crocco

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68
Q

Where was there a week-long rebellion in 1866?

A

Palermo, Sicily

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69
Q

How much did the war debt increase by in 1865?

A

Doubled 4 years after 1861

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70
Q

What unpopular tax was introduced in 1865?

A

Flour Tax

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71
Q

What fraction of Italian bonds were in foreign hands by the 1860s?

A

1/3

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72
Q

What % of state expenditure did the debt reach in 1866?

A

60%

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73
Q

What unpopular tax was reintroduced in 1868 to help lower debt?

A

Grist Tax/Macinato

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74
Q

How many died or were wounded in riots in the following two weeks after Grist tax was reintroduced?

A

250 died
1,000 wounded

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75
Q

When were the riots following the Grist tax being reintroduced?

A

1869

76
Q

How much Church land was sold off in how many years following the 1867 act?

A

9 million acres in 9 years

77
Q

What % of agricultural produce was used to pay off debt?

A

30%

78
Q

Which economist said that ‘production was the same as the time of the Roman Empire’?

A

Nassau Senior

79
Q

How many people were employed in industry by 1861?

A

3 million

80
Q

What % of these industrial workers were women and children?

A

80%

81
Q

How many km of railway were there by the time of unification?

A

2773km

82
Q

Which city was linked by major roadways to European cities?

A

Milan

83
Q

Which two railway system were linked in 1857?

A

Lombard and Venetian systems

84
Q

Where were there no railways at all in the new Kingdom?

A

Sardinia and Sicily

85
Q

Name an industry which suffered due to a lack of railways present?

A

Olive oil industry in Apulia

86
Q

When did railways pass into private hands?

A

1865

87
Q

When was the Mount Cenis Tunnel completed?

A

1871

88
Q

What type of economy dominated in Italy?

A

Dual economy – mainly trade in the north. South remained backwards and poor

89
Q

Who coined the terms ‘real Italy’ and ‘legal Italy’?

A

Historian Martin Clark

90
Q

What do the terms ‘real’ and ‘legal’ Italy?

A

‘Legal Italy’ meant those who were part of the state, absorbing those who wished to be part of the new Italy.

‘Real Italy’ meant those who felt isolated and betrayed by Piedmontisation

91
Q

What did Baron Ricasoli say on taking office?

A

“We claim Rome as our natural capital and Venetia as an integral part of our national soil”

92
Q

What group did Garibaldi form in December 1861, combining which other groups?

A

Set up the Italian Freedom Association
Combined his ‘party of action’ with other various groups

93
Q

A group of Garibaldi supports were arrested on the Austrian border when, and led by whom?

A

May 1861
Led by Nullo

94
Q

Which two years did Garibaldi attempt to engineer uprisings?

A

1862 and 1864

95
Q

Who was forced to intervene to stop Garibaldi’s attempted uprisings?

A

The Italian government

96
Q

When was the Schleswig-Holstein affair?

A

1866

97
Q

What was the Schleswig-Holstein affair?

A

Austria was deemed to have violated the joint sovereignty of the region

98
Q

How did the Schleswig-Holstein affair benefit Italy?

A

Prussia had a declining relationship with Austria, with both Italy and Prussia now seeing them as a common enemy

99
Q

Which PM offered to buy Venetia off Austria?

A

La Marmora

100
Q

How much did La Mamora offer to buy Venetia off Austria for?

A

1000 million Lire

101
Q

Who was the Prussian minister?

A

Bismarck

102
Q

Where and when did the Prussian minister and Napoleon meet, where Napoleon promised neutrality?

A

Biarritz
1865

103
Q

Which general formed a military agreement in Berlin, for Italy to receive Venetia for war contributions, and when?

A

General Govone
April 1866

104
Q

What date did Italy declare war on Austria?

A

20th June 1866

105
Q

How many days prior to Italy had Prussia declared war on Austria?

A

4 days prior

106
Q

How many troops did Italy have (Austro-Prussian War)?

A

250,000 men

107
Q

How many troops did Austria have (Austro-Prussian War)?

A

130,000 men

108
Q

How many ironclad ships did Italy have?

A

12

109
Q

How many ironclad ships did Austria have?

A

7

110
Q

Who led the Italian naval fleet? What was the issue?

A

Admiral Persano
Only led the fleet due to corruption and bribery

111
Q

What % of the army reached the front?

A

25%

112
Q

What date did the Italian forces fight at Custozza?

A

24th June 1866

113
Q

What happened at Custozza?

A

Italian forces fled in panic and confused orders set in. This ruined reputations and destroyed Italian military pride

114
Q

At what battle was Persano’s fleet destroyed, in July 1866?

A

Battle of Lissa

115
Q

How many ships did Persano lose at the Battle of Lisa?

A

3

116
Q

What was the name of the pride ship of the Italian navy, which was lost in the Battle of Lissa?

A

Re d’Italia

117
Q

How many shells had Persano’s fleet fired, and how many hits?

A

Fired 1450 shells
No hits

118
Q

Where did the Prussians crush the Austrian army? When?

A

Sadowa
3rd July 1866

119
Q

When was an armistice signed with Austria (Austro-Prussian War)?

A

26th July 1866

120
Q

How did Italy receive Venetia?

A

Ceded by Napoleon to Italy, after France were given Venetia for remaining neutral in the war, as agreed in a secret treaty with Prussia

121
Q

What were the plebiscite results in Venetia?

A

647 246 to 69 in favour

122
Q

When did the Austrians leave Venetia?

A

October 1866

123
Q

What did Crispi write in 1866?

A

“To be Italian was something that we once longed for, now in the present circumstances it is shameful”

124
Q

What two measures had to be introduced to pay off war debt?

A

Nationalising of Church land (1867) and Grist Tax (1868)

125
Q

Why was Rome so important to Italy?

A

Not geographically united without Rome, symbol of foreign interference, nationalists would feel betrayed, and the Pope needed to be bought under control as his influence undermined the new Kingdom

126
Q

Where had Piedmont defeated the Papal forces in September 1860?

A

Castelfidaro

127
Q

What happened in France as a result of Napoleon not protecting the Pope in 1860?

A

Catholic backlash

128
Q

Which group voted to keep French troops in Rome? When?

A

The French Chamber of Deputies and Senate
March 1861

129
Q

What did the September Convention of 1864 allow the Pope to do?

A

Raise an army of 10 000 troops for protection and in return the French would leave within 2 years

130
Q

Why was Napoleon III glad to be leaving Rome?

A

Dislike the oppressive regime of the Pope as he had more liberal qualities, but was being forced to keep his own Catholics content

131
Q

When did the French troops leave Rome? Why did they return in 1867?

A

Left in December 1866
Returned as Garibaldi tried to seize Rome

132
Q

How long did the French garrison stay until after returning in 1867?

A

1870

133
Q

When did Garibaldi leave Caprera?

A

1862

134
Q

How many men did he gather from his “party of action” and march on Rome 1862?

A

4000

135
Q

When and where was Garibaldi stopped from entering Rome?

A

29th August 1862
Aspromonte Mountains

136
Q

What did Garibaldi state is aim was, after denouncing the King for double standards?

A

“To capture Rome and abolish the Pope”

137
Q

What type of weapons did the French have when they returned to Rome in 1867?

A

Modern breech-loading rifles

138
Q

When was Garibaldi defeated at Mentana?

A

3rd November 1867

139
Q

When was Florence proclaimed the capital of Italy?

A

April 1865

140
Q

What 3 things had Garibaldi not anticipated when he attempted to seize Rome?

A

Didn’t realise he would have to face the French
Had to face the Italian army who would not allow ‘bandits’
No popular uprising against the Pope occurred

141
Q

When did Napoleon seek an anti-Prussian alliance with Italy and Austria?

A

May 1870

142
Q

What did Italy demand from the French? Why was this significant?

A

Demanded Rome
Austria would not join France without Italy, as it could risk a war with Prussia

143
Q

Why did France withdraw their garrison from Rome (1870)?

A

Needed to fight against Prussia in the Franco-Prussian War

144
Q

Where were the French defeated?

A

Sedan

145
Q

Which PM governed Italy in May 1871?

A

Lanza

146
Q

What agreement did the PM of Italy form after French withdrawal from Rome?

A

A formal agreement with Spain, Austria, and Catholic states in Germany to send Italian troops to Rome

147
Q

Who did VEII send to Rome to deliver a letter to Pius IX, suggesting he allow the peaceful entry of the Italian army into Rome, in return for protection?

A

Count Gustavo Ponza di San Martino

148
Q

When did Ponza reach the Pope?

A

10th September 1870

149
Q

What was the Pope’s response to VEII’s letter?

A

Called them “a set of vipers, of white sepulchers, and wanting in faith”

150
Q

What term meant excommunication by the Pope?

A

Encyclical Respicientes

151
Q

When did the Italian army enter Rome?

A

20th September 1870

152
Q

Who led the Italian army into Rome?

A

The Bersaglieri (troop of marksmen)

153
Q

Which street did the Italian army march down? What was it renamed?

A

Via Pia
Renamed Via XX Settembre

154
Q

How many Italian soldiers and officers died?

A

49 soldiers and 4 officers

155
Q

How many Papal troops died?

A

19

156
Q

When was a plebiscite held for the annexation of Rome and Latium?

A

2nd October 1870

157
Q

What were the plebiscite results?

A

133 681 to 1507 in favour

158
Q

When was the decree which accepted the plebiscite results?

A

9th October 1870

159
Q

What did the Italian government pass in May 1871 attempting to appease the Pope?

A

The Law of Guarantees

160
Q

How much did the above grant the Pope a year?

A

£129 000 per annum

161
Q

What did Pius IX declare of himself in response?

A

A prisoner of the Vatican

162
Q

When was the capital moved to Rome from Florence?

A

July 1871

163
Q

When did the Pope officially recognize the Kingdom of Italy?

A

1929

164
Q

What negative effects did unification have on Southern Italy?

A

The collapse of industries such as silk could not compete with their northern competitors.

Widespread de-industrialisation boosted industry in the north.

Higher taxation - poor targeted, used the money to invest in public works, land reclamation, and the military in the north.

165
Q

What was the infant mortality rate for children under 1 and 5 by 1871?

A

Under 1 - 22.7%

Under 5 - 50%

166
Q

How many Italians emigrated in 1871?

A

120,000

167
Q

How much in compensation for the loss of land did the Piedmontese government give the Pope?

A

3,225,000 lire per year as compensation

168
Q

How many courts were there in Rome? Where?

A

2 courts in Rome

One - Quirinale Palace

Two - Vatican

169
Q

What was the size of the electorate by 1871 in Italy? What % of the total population is this?

A

Narrow electorate 500,000 (2.2% of population)

170
Q

What percentage of those eligible actually voted? Who boycotted?

A

60% of those eligible voted did so, as Catholics and Republicans boycotted on principle.

171
Q

Who led an armed attack on an army barracks?

A

A Mazzinian called Barsanti

172
Q

Where did Barsanti attack the army barracks? When?

A

Pavia, 24th March 1870

173
Q

How many petitioned for Barsanti to be pardoned?

A

Arrested and shot despite 40,000 petitioning for his release

174
Q

What was Italian irredentism?

A

A nationalist movement promoting the unification of geographic areas in which indigenous ethnic Italian-speaking persons formed a majority or substantial minority of the population.

175
Q

What regions did Republicans want to free from Hapsburg control?

A

Trentino, Istria, and Trieste

176
Q

What did those on the ‘Left’ of politics agitate against? Who was there most prominent figure?

A

Agitated against France, 1870 Crispi called for a return of Nice and Savoy to Italian control

177
Q

What was the monarchy a symbol of by 1870?

A

Symbol of unity, stability, and anti-radicalism/republicanism

178
Q

What was the military police force called?

A

Carabinieri

179
Q

How many Carabinieri were there?

A

25,000

180
Q

How many local police men were there in Italy by unification?

A

18,000

181
Q

How many provinces was the country divided up into? Who were they governed by?

A

69 provinces, governed by a prefect, appointed by the government in Rome

182
Q

How many Communi were there by 1870?

A

8,382 Communi

183
Q

What was the role of Communi?

A

Help locals, coordinating public health, education, and taxes

184
Q

What name was given to war time veterans?

A

Patroti

185
Q

How large was the Italian Army by unification? How many in reserve?

A

215,000 with a further 2 million in reserve

History Italy (4 decks)

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