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History Italy > Booklet 2 > Flashcards

Booklet 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Who appointed the upper chamber of Parliament?

A

The King

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2
Q

How much of the population did the lower chamber represent?

A

2.25% of the population who were literate

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3
Q

Who retained direct control of the army, and the right to appoint and dismiss ministers?

A

The King

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4
Q

Which family were VEII’s mother and wife part of?

A

The Austrian Imperial Family

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5
Q

Who did VEII appoint as PM by the end of 1849?

A

Massimo d’Azeglio

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6
Q

What sort of administration was Piedmont under D’Azeglio

A

Moderate conservative administration

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7
Q

How did Britain and Austria view the rule of VEII?

A

Britain saw him as a cautious liberal whilst the Austrians saw him as a cautious conservative

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8
Q

How many of the administration under VEII would hold ministerial roles during his reign?

A

25

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9
Q

What was VEII’s first action as King?

A

Shell Genoa where radicals were entrenched

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10
Q

When were the Siccardi Laws introduced?

A

March 1850

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11
Q

What were the Siccardi Laws?

A

A series of Bills which would control the power of the Church through a range of measures

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12
Q

What measures did the Siccardi Laws introduce?

A

Separate law courts for priests were abolished, the right for criminals to seek sanctuary and protection in churches was abolished, religious groups property rights were restricted, the number of feast days people couldn’t work were reduced

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13
Q

Which conservative Piedmontese politicians led the vote against the Siccardi laws?

A

Balbo and Thaon de Revel

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14
Q

Who was Azeglio’s Minister for Trade and Agriculture?

A

Count Camilo Cavour

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15
Q

In 1851-52 which centre-left leader did Cavour make a parliamentary agreement with?

A

Urbano Rattazzi

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16
Q

What was the alliance known as between the centre-left and Cavour?

A

The Connubio

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17
Q

Whose ministry fell as a result of the connubio?

A

D’Azeglio’s when he tried to introduce further anti-clerical measures

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18
Q

What year did D’Azeglio attempt to introduce civil marriages?

A

1852

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19
Q

When was Cavour made PM?

A

November 1852

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20
Q

How much has the state of Piedmont been giving the Church up to 1855?

A

5 million Lire a year

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21
Q

What anti-clerical policy did Cavour introduce as a result of Church subsidies?

A

Abolition of all monasteries not involved in education or charity

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22
Q

How many monasteries and benefices were shut down as a result of Cavour’s anti-clerical policies?

A

152 monasteries and 1700 benefices

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23
Q

How much was added to the state income by closing monasteries and benefices?

A

£145 640

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24
Q

Why did Cavour temporarily resign?

A

Reduced the temporal power of the Church which made Piedmont seem to be attacking the Papacy. Created a constitutional crisis and was opposed by the King and the Right of the Senate, in his attempt to bring about stability

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25
Q

When did the Connubio end and why?

A

1857
The right had sympathy for the Church and increased voting in elections. To create greater stability Cavour forced Rattazzi to resign as he was intransigent over Italian unification and was seen as too nationalist.

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26
Q

In February 1853 Cavour warned Austria of an impending uprising from whom?

A

Mazzini

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27
Q

What was the result Cavour warning Austria in 1853 of uprising?

A

Received thanks from Vienna and showed that Mazzinian methods were weak

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28
Q

Who led a failed insurrection in Naples in 1857?

A

Pisacane

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29
Q

Which three main posts did Cavour appoint to himself in 1855?

A

PM, Foreign Minister, and Finance Minister

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30
Q

What administrative reforms did Cavour introduce? What years?

A

Financial department (1852), Foreign Office (1853)

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31
Q

Who was the Minister of War under Cavour?

A

La Mamora

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32
Q

What was the role of the Minister of War?

A

Reform the army, increase efficiency and remove conservative elements

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33
Q

Where did Mazzini have a failed revolution between 1851-52?

A

Sicily

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34
Q

Where did Mazzini have a failed revolution in February 1853?

A

Milan

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35
Q

How many of Mazzini’s supporters were shot by Austrians?

A

50

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36
Q

Which revolution also failed in 1853?

A

Lunigiana

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37
Q

Which revolution failed in 1854?

A

Massa

38
Q

Which revolution failed in 1856?

A

Palermo

39
Q

Where did Pisacane fail in May 1857?

A

Sapri - 300 of his companions lost their lives including Pisacane

40
Q

Why did all the revolutions from 1851-1857 fail?

A

Continued lack of interest in localities and further executions convinced many that Italy did not want a democratic revolution. Political apathy and alienation of the masses meant people did not support the cause

41
Q

What other committee was set up in 1851 as an alternative to Mazzinism? What did they argue for?

A

The Latin Committee in Paris
Argued for a federal republic

42
Q

What other committee was set up in 1852 in Genoa, as an alternative to Mazzinism? What did they argue for?

A

Military Committee
Purpose of finding a more appropriate military response to Austria

43
Q

Who set up the Military committee?

A

Giacomo Medici

44
Q

Which significant individual distanced himself from Mazzini in 1854?

A

Garibaldi

45
Q

Which individual announced support for Piedmont in 1855?

A

Manin

46
Q

Which organisation did many former Mazzinian supporters join in 1857?

A

The National Society

47
Q

Which organisations did Mazzini found on his return to London after the failed Roman Republic?

A

Italian National Committee
Society of the Friends of Italy in 1851

48
Q

In which year did the electric telegraph connect Turin to Paris?

A

1853

49
Q

When did the building of canals begin?

A

1857

50
Q

What was the name of the first canal built?

A

The Cavour Canal

51
Q

How many silk workers were there in 1844 in Piedmont?

A

60,000

52
Q

How many cotton workers were there in 1844 in Piedmont?

A

114,000

53
Q

How much did trade increase by?

A

300%

54
Q

What did industrial growth result in?

A

Large amounts of debt

55
Q

How much did public debt increase by between 1847-1859?

A

120 million to 725 million

56
Q

Which countries had Cavour made free trade treaties with?

A

Britain, France, and Belgium

57
Q

In 1854 a train line was built to connect which areas?

A

Milan, Turin, and Genoa to the French border

58
Q

Who funded much of this train line?

A

French Banker Rothschild

59
Q

When was the tunnel through Mount Cenis being built?

A

1857

60
Q

Who funded the Mount Cenis tunnel?

A

Rothschild and Laffitte

61
Q

What was the first Italian steamship named?

A

‘The Sicilia’

62
Q

Where was ‘The Sicilia’ built and when?

A

Genoa, 1855

63
Q

When had Cavour visited Britain to observe the construction process of Stephenson?

A

1835

64
Q

Which article did Cavour write in, in 1846 after his return from Britain?

A

Revue Nouvelle

65
Q

How much railway did Piedmont have by the end of the 1850s?

A

819km

66
Q

How much railway was there in the whole of Italy by the 1850s?

A

1798km

67
Q

What fraction of railways did Piedmont have by the end of the 1850s?

A

1/3

68
Q

How long was the Mount Cenis tunnel to be?

A

13km

69
Q

Cavour was not an instinctive Italian nationalist, but still disliked…

A

Austrian attitudes to Lombardy and felt they provoked Italian nationalists into revolutionary behaviour

70
Q

Which group and individuals did Cavour need to keep happy to maintain stability?

A

Solaro della Margherita
Mazzinians

71
Q

Under what article of the Statuto did foreign policy remain the prerogative of the crown?

A

Article 3

72
Q

Which settlement did Cavour, therefore have the power to undermine due to Article 3 of the Statuto?

A

Vienna Settlement

73
Q

Which Great Power began to decline after 1849? Why?

A

Austria
Economic challenges from Prussia and the growth of the Prussian dominated Zollverein

74
Q

What was the Zollverein (1834)?

A

Economic free trade agreement which challenged Austria’s dominance of the German Confederation

75
Q

What did Austria try to establish in response to the Zollverein?

A

A Southern Confederation, but most southern states like Silesia had already joined the Zollverein

76
Q

What year did the Crimean War begin?

A

Autumn 1853

77
Q

Which Great Power remained neutral in the Crimean War?

A

Austria

78
Q

Who fought against whom in the Crimean War?

A

Britain and France against Russia, with Piedmont-Sardinia aiding the allies

79
Q

What agreement did Austria sign with GB and France to force Russia to negotiate?

A

Four Point Agreement

80
Q

When did Piedmont enter the Crimean War?

A

January 1855

81
Q

How many Piedmontese troops were committed to the Crimean war?

A

18 000

82
Q

Where did La Marmora’s troops gain a strong victory (Crimean War)?

A

Chernaya Rechka

83
Q

When was the victory at Chernaya Rechka?

A

16th August 1855

84
Q

Which area fell as a result of the victory at Chernaya Rechka?

A

Sebastopol

85
Q

How many Piedmontese deaths were there in Crimea?

A

2,000 deaths

86
Q

What was the issue with the Piedmontese death toll in Crimea?

A

Only 30 died of wounds, the rest were from cholera

87
Q

How did the Crimean War end?

A

Austria threatened to enter war on the side of the allies in December 1855, forcing Russia to sue for peace

88
Q

Where did the peace agreement take place for the Crimean War? When?

A

February to April 1856
Paris

89
Q

How was Italian presence at the Paris Agreement significant?

A

Showed Piedmont’s growing diplomatic status, and France and Britain owed Piedmont for their aid

90
Q

When was the Italian question bought up at the Paris Peace Agreement?

A

April 8th, 1856

91
Q

What treaty ended as a result of the Crimean War, benefitting Italy?

A

Treaty of Vienna which had stood since 1815

History Italy (4 decks)

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