Booklet 2

Question 1

Who appointed the upper chamber of Parliament?

Answer 1

The King

Question 2

How much of the population did the lower chamber represent?

Answer 2

2.25% of the population who were literate

Question 3

Who retained direct control of the army, and the right to appoint and dismiss ministers?

Answer 3

The King

Question 4

Which family were VEII’s mother and wife part of?

Answer 4

The Austrian Imperial Family

Question 5

Who did VEII appoint as PM by the end of 1849?

Answer 5

Massimo d’Azeglio

Question 6

What sort of administration was Piedmont under D’Azeglio

Answer 6

Moderate conservative administration

Question 7

How did Britain and Austria view the rule of VEII?

Answer 7

Britain saw him as a cautious liberal whilst the Austrians saw him as a cautious conservative

Question 8

How many of the administration under VEII would hold ministerial roles during his reign?

Answer 8

25

Question 9

What was VEII’s first action as King?

Answer 9

Shell Genoa where radicals were entrenched

Question 10

When were the Siccardi Laws introduced?

Answer 10

March 1850

Question 11

What were the Siccardi Laws?

Answer 11

A series of Bills which would control the power of the Church through a range of measures

Question 12

What measures did the Siccardi Laws introduce?

Answer 12

Separate law courts for priests were abolished, the right for criminals to seek sanctuary and protection in churches was abolished, religious groups property rights were restricted, the number of feast days people couldn’t work were reduced

Question 13

Which conservative Piedmontese politicians led the vote against the Siccardi laws?

Answer 13

Balbo and Thaon de Revel

Question 14

Who was Azeglio’s Minister for Trade and Agriculture?

Answer 14

Count Camilo Cavour

Question 15

In 1851-52 which centre-left leader did Cavour make a parliamentary agreement with?

Answer 15

Urbano Rattazzi

Question 16

What was the alliance known as between the centre-left and Cavour?

Answer 16

The Connubio

Question 17

Whose ministry fell as a result of the connubio?

Answer 17

D’Azeglio’s when he tried to introduce further anti-clerical measures

Question 18

What year did D’Azeglio attempt to introduce civil marriages?

Answer 18

1852

Question 19

When was Cavour made PM?

Answer 19

November 1852

Question 20

How much has the state of Piedmont been giving the Church up to 1855?

Answer 20

5 million Lire a year

Question 21

What anti-clerical policy did Cavour introduce as a result of Church subsidies?

Answer 21

Abolition of all monasteries not involved in education or charity

Question 22

How many monasteries and benefices were shut down as a result of Cavour’s anti-clerical policies?

Answer 22

152 monasteries and 1700 benefices

Question 23

How much was added to the state income by closing monasteries and benefices?

Answer 23

£145 640

Question 24

Why did Cavour temporarily resign?

Answer 24

Reduced the temporal power of the Church which made Piedmont seem to be attacking the Papacy. Created a constitutional crisis and was opposed by the King and the Right of the Senate, in his attempt to bring about stability

Question 25

When did the Connubio end and why?

Answer 25

1857 The right had sympathy for the Church and increased voting in elections. To create greater stability Cavour forced Rattazzi to resign as he was intransigent over Italian unification and was seen as too nationalist.

Question 26

In February 1853 Cavour warned Austria of an impending uprising from whom?

Answer 26

Mazzini

Question 27

What was the result Cavour warning Austria in 1853 of uprising?

Answer 27

Received thanks from Vienna and showed that Mazzinian methods were weak

Question 28

Who led a failed insurrection in Naples in 1857?

Answer 28

Pisacane

Question 29

Which three main posts did Cavour appoint to himself in 1855?

Answer 29

PM, Foreign Minister, and Finance Minister

Question 30

What administrative reforms did Cavour introduce? What years?

Answer 30

Financial department (1852), Foreign Office (1853)

Question 31

Who was the Minister of War under Cavour?

Answer 31

La Mamora

Question 32

What was the role of the Minister of War?

Answer 32

Reform the army, increase efficiency and remove conservative elements

Question 33

Where did Mazzini have a failed revolution between 1851-52?

Answer 33

Sicily

Question 34

Where did Mazzini have a failed revolution in February 1853?

Answer 34

Milan

Question 35

How many of Mazzini’s supporters were shot by Austrians?

Answer 35

50

Question 36

Which revolution also failed in 1853?

Answer 36

Lunigiana

Question 37

Which revolution failed in 1854?

Answer 37

Massa

Question 38

Which revolution failed in 1856?

Answer 38

Palermo

Question 39

Where did Pisacane fail in May 1857?

Answer 39

Sapri - 300 of his companions lost their lives including Pisacane

Question 40

Why did all the revolutions from 1851-1857 fail?

Answer 40

Continued lack of interest in localities and further executions convinced many that Italy did not want a democratic revolution. Political apathy and alienation of the masses meant people did not support the cause

Question 41

What other committee was set up in 1851 as an alternative to Mazzinism? What did they argue for?

Answer 41

The Latin Committee in Paris Argued for a federal republic

Question 42

What other committee was set up in 1852 in Genoa, as an alternative to Mazzinism? What did they argue for?

Answer 42

Military Committee Purpose of finding a more appropriate military response to Austria

Question 43

Who set up the Military committee?

Answer 43

Giacomo Medici

Question 44

Which significant individual distanced himself from Mazzini in 1854?

Answer 44

Garibaldi

Question 45

Which individual announced support for Piedmont in 1855?

Answer 45

Manin

Question 46

Which organisation did many former Mazzinian supporters join in 1857?

Answer 46

The National Society

Question 47

Which organisations did Mazzini found on his return to London after the failed Roman Republic?

Answer 47

Italian National Committee Society of the Friends of Italy in 1851

Question 48

In which year did the electric telegraph connect Turin to Paris?

Answer 48

1853

Question 49

When did the building of canals begin?

Answer 49

1857

Question 50

What was the name of the first canal built?

Answer 50

The Cavour Canal

Question 51

How many silk workers were there in 1844 in Piedmont?

Answer 51

60,000

Question 52

How many cotton workers were there in 1844 in Piedmont?

Answer 52

114,000

Question 53

How much did trade increase by?

Answer 53

300%

Question 54

What did industrial growth result in?

Answer 54

Large amounts of debt

Question 55

How much did public debt increase by between 1847-1859?

Answer 55

120 million to 725 million

Question 56

Which countries had Cavour made free trade treaties with?

Answer 56

Britain, France, and Belgium

Question 57

In 1854 a train line was built to connect which areas?

Answer 57

Milan, Turin, and Genoa to the French border

Question 58

Who funded much of this train line?

Answer 58

French Banker Rothschild

Question 59

When was the tunnel through Mount Cenis being built?

Answer 59

1857

Question 60

Who funded the Mount Cenis tunnel?

Answer 60

Rothschild and Laffitte

Question 61

What was the first Italian steamship named?

Answer 61

‘The Sicilia’

Question 62

Where was 'The Sicilia' built and when?

Answer 62

Genoa, 1855

Question 63

When had Cavour visited Britain to observe the construction process of Stephenson?

Answer 63

1835

Question 64

Which article did Cavour write in, in 1846 after his return from Britain?

Answer 64

Revue Nouvelle

Question 65

How much railway did Piedmont have by the end of the 1850s?

Answer 65

819km

Question 66

How much railway was there in the whole of Italy by the 1850s?

Answer 66

1798km

Question 67

What fraction of railways did Piedmont have by the end of the 1850s?

Answer 67

1/3

Question 68

How long was the Mount Cenis tunnel to be?

Answer 68

13km

Question 69

Cavour was not an instinctive Italian nationalist, but still disliked…

Answer 69

Austrian attitudes to Lombardy and felt they provoked Italian nationalists into revolutionary behaviour

Question 70

Which group and individuals did Cavour need to keep happy to maintain stability?

Answer 70

Solaro della Margherita Mazzinians

Question 71

Under what article of the Statuto did foreign policy remain the prerogative of the crown?

Answer 71

Article 3

Question 72

Which settlement did Cavour, therefore have the power to undermine due to Article 3 of the Statuto?

Answer 72

Vienna Settlement

Question 73

Which Great Power began to decline after 1849? Why?

Answer 73

Austria Economic challenges from Prussia and the growth of the Prussian dominated Zollverein

Question 74

What was the Zollverein (1834)?

Answer 74

Economic free trade agreement which challenged Austria’s dominance of the German Confederation

Question 75

What did Austria try to establish in response to the Zollverein?

Answer 75

A Southern Confederation, but most southern states like Silesia had already joined the Zollverein

Question 76

What year did the Crimean War begin?

Answer 76

Autumn 1853

Question 77

Which Great Power remained neutral in the Crimean War?

Answer 77

Austria

Question 78

Who fought against whom in the Crimean War?

Answer 78

Britain and France against Russia, with Piedmont-Sardinia aiding the allies

Question 79

What agreement did Austria sign with GB and France to force Russia to negotiate?

Answer 79

Four Point Agreement

Question 80

When did Piedmont enter the Crimean War?

Answer 80

January 1855

Question 81

How many Piedmontese troops were committed to the Crimean war?

Answer 81

18 000

Question 82

Where did La Marmora’s troops gain a strong victory (Crimean War)?

Answer 82

Chernaya Rechka

Question 83

When was the victory at Chernaya Rechka?

Answer 83

16th August 1855

Question 84

Which area fell as a result of the victory at Chernaya Rechka?

Answer 84

Sebastopol

Question 85

How many Piedmontese deaths were there in Crimea?

Answer 85

2,000 deaths

Question 86

What was the issue with the Piedmontese death toll in Crimea?

Answer 86

Only 30 died of wounds, the rest were from cholera

Question 87

How did the Crimean War end?

Answer 87

Austria threatened to enter war on the side of the allies in December 1855, forcing Russia to sue for peace

Question 88

Where did the peace agreement take place for the Crimean War? When?

Answer 88

February to April 1856 Paris

Question 89

How was Italian presence at the Paris Agreement significant?

Answer 89

Showed Piedmont’s growing diplomatic status, and France and Britain owed Piedmont for their aid

Question 90

When was the Italian question bought up at the Paris Peace Agreement?

Answer 90

April 8th, 1856

Question 91

What treaty ended as a result of the Crimean War, benefitting Italy?

Answer 91

Treaty of Vienna which had stood since 1815