Booklet 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Which Hapsburg member ruled in Modena?
A
Duke Francis IV
2
Q
Who was Duke Francis IV married to?
A
Daughter of Victor Emmanuel of Piedmont
3
Q
Which group returned under Duke Francis IV and why?
A
Jesuits, Hated all liberals
4
Q
Who ruled in Tuscany in 1830?
A
Ferdinand III
5
Q
What did the leader of Tuscany improve?
A
Education re-organised the universities of Pisa and Siena, spent more on girls’ education, expanded health facilities, and freedom of speech
6
Q
What was Florence the ‘centre of’
A
Renaissance and Italian language
7
Q
When was Antalogia founded? Who wrote in it?
A
1821, Mazzini
8
Q
Which Central Duchy leader was an enlightened ruler?
A
Duchess Marie-Louise of Parma
9
Q
Who ruled the House of Savoy?
A
King Victor Emmanuel I
10
Q
When did Piedmont take over Sardinia?
A
1720
11
Q
What was Piedmont-Sardinia like?
A
Large peasantry, very anti-French, economically advanced, and had a strong military
12
Q
What was the capital of Piedmont-Sardinia?
A
Turin
13
Q
When was the Church restored to its privileged status?
A
1815
14
Q
Which states were returned to Austria and when?
A
Lombardy and Venetia, 1814
15
Q
What were the two richest provinces by 1815?
A
Lombardy and Venetia
16
Q
Which city in Venetia was part of the Austrian Quadrilateral fortress?
A
Mantua
17
Q
What fraction of revenue did Lombardy and Venetia provide to Austria?
A
1/3
18
Q
How were Lombardy and Venetia governed?
A
Separate political units ruled by a viceroy, separate currency, finances, judiciary, and different postal stamps
19
Q
What age was education compulsory until?
A
12
20
Q
Who was restored to full power as the leader of the Papal states?
A
Pope Pius VII
21
Q
Who’s troops were stationed in the Papal States to protect the Pope and Conservatism?
A
Austrian troops
22
Q
What were the hard-line Popes which ruled at this time known as?
A
Zealots
23
Q
What was the extreme court in the Papal states known as?
A
Inquisition, used torture and execution against heretics
24
Q
Who were the Zelanti?
A
Powerful groups who blocked all suggestions of reforms - no communication or transport links like railways
25
Who controlled Sicily?
Naples
26
What were the southern regions of Italy like?
Suffered from diseases like malaria, famine, poor harvests, and infertile land. Very poor and reactionary, with an oppressive rule over people
27
Who cancelled the Sicilian constitution? When had it been formed?
Ferdinand I
1812 - allowed people to have a say in government
28
What was Naples like?
United Kingdom for centuries, absolute monarchy, very poor and feudal
29
What % of Italians worked the land?
90%
30
What % spoke Italian?
2.5%
31
What was the Latifundia?
Land owned by absent landlords and rented by peasant farmers
32
What was the aim of secret society societies?
Where did they originate from?
Overthrow the restored monarchs and drive out the Austrians
Originated from freemasonry
33
Who made up secret society membership?
Professional classes- Army officers, students, lawyers, teachers, and doctors (well-educated)
34
Who were the Carbonari?
Best known and active mainly in the South, advocated for liberal and patriotic ideas
35
How many members did the Carbonari have?
60,000 members in Naples
36
What % of the population was this?
5% of the male population
37
Who were the Federati?
Secret society in the North of Italy who favoured a constitutional government
38
Who led the Federati?
Milanese nobleman Federico Confalonieri
39
What did the Federati re-name themselves? When?
The Society of the Sublime Perfect Masters, 1818
40
Who led the Aldelfi?
Filippo Buonarroti
41
What were the weaknesses of the secret societies
Lack organisation, unprepared to work together, small scattered
42
Why did Charles X abdicate? When?
Revolution in France, 1830
43
Who replaced Charles X?
Louis-Phillippe
44
What was the aim of the 1830-32 revolutions?
Gain a constitution and force Austria out
45
Who led the revolts in Modena and Parma?
Enrico Misley
46
What happened to Enrico Misley?
Arrested after he revealed plans to Duke Francis IV for a united Italy, free from Austrian control and Francis as King - betrayed by Francis
47
What happened in the Modena revolts?
Francis left for Austria and the revolutionaries set up a provisional government taking over the city. Francis returned as the head of the Austrian army, and the revolutionaries defeated
48
What happened in the Parma revolts?
Students inspired by Modena - set up a provisional government after riots demanding a constitution from Duchess Marie-Louise. Defeated by the Austrian army on her return
49
What was the provisional government set up in the Papal states known as?
The Government of the Italian Provinces
50
Where was the Government of the Italian Provinces formed? When?
Bologna, 1831
51
What the GIP promise?
Elected assembly, reformed finance system, and fairer legal system
52
What happened to the GIP?
Defeated by the Austrian army 26th April, 1831
53
Why did the 1830-32 revolutions fail?
Local not national revolts, no organisation, too reliant on secret societies, too moderate, lack of popular support, revolts mainly middle class, divided aims, strength of Austrian army, and lack of French support
54
What did nationalists believe in?
People of the same race, language, culture, and traditions should be united in an independent
55
What did liberals believe in?
Some favoured a monarchy and others a republic. Also nationalists, but disagreed about how to achieve nationalism - peaceful or violent. People should have a say in government, and this was best achieved through a representative assembly or parliament
56
What did radicals believe in?
More extreme and wanted social reform and redistribution of wealth, would use violence to achieve this. Opposed to a restored monarchy, favoured a truly democratic republic.
57
What was the Austrian view of political groups?
No intention of allowing dangerous ideas to spread as they could threaten a break-up of the Austrian Empire. A divided peninsula was easier to divide and rule
58
Which Austrian would not allow Italy to exist?
Metternich
59
What was I Promesi Sposi?
Literature based on past glory and patriotism, by Manzoni
60
What music did Verdi create?
'The Lombards of the first Crusade' and Nabucco (1842)
Used stories from other countries to deliver anti-Austrian messages
61
What was Macchiaioli?
From the 1840s- a movement to unite the peninsula under one government
62
Who were prominent members of the Macchiaioli movement?
Fattori and Lega
63
What was the journal in Lombardy which encouraged the use of Italian?
Bibliotheca Italiana, 1816-1840
64
Which organisation met between 1839-47?
Congresso degli Scienziata (Congress of Science)
Used Italian at meetings
65
What book did Balbo write? When?
Le Speranze d'Italia in 1844
66
What did Balbo's book argue?
Wanted a federation of Italian states. Believed only Piedmont was strong enough to reclaim Lombardy and Venetia
67
What monarchist group was set up at this time?
Albertisti
68
What did the Albertisti believe in?
Charles Albert would be the new King, but disagreements about whether the union should be the whole or just the North of Italy
69
What did Charles Albert say in 1845?
He would give everything for the cause of Italy when the opportunity arose
70
What book did Gioberti write? When?
Primato, 1843
71
How copies of his book did Gioberti sell?
5000 copies
72
What did Gioberti believe?
The Catholic church and the Pope should have a national revival (Neo-Guelphism). Wanted a federation of states with the Pope as the President. Hated revolution
73
When was Pius IX elected?
1846
74
How many political prisoners did Pius IX free?
2,000
75
What other reforms did Pius IX introduce?
Reformed education, law and papal administration, laymen a greater say in public affairs, ended censorship, and allowed Jews out of the Ghetto
76
What was the name for the Papal advisory group?
Consulta
77
What was the name of the book Massimo d'Azeglio wrote? When?
On Recent Events in Romagna, 1846
78
What did d'Azeglio believe?
Called revolutionaries who had died martyrs, who had fought against Papal and Austrian tyranny. Believed the events in the papal states confirmed that the only leader possible of uniting Italy was Charles Albert. Italian freedom would come from the ruling class
79
What did d'Azeglio dislike?
Revolution and realised that European support was essential
80
When was Young Italy formed?
1830
81
How many members did Young Italy have?
50,000 under 40
82
What was the revolt in 1831?
Genoa- failed
83
What was the revolt in 1833?
Mutiny in Piedmontese army crushed
84
What was the revolt in 1834
Failed to invade Savoy
85
What was the revolt in 1844?
Bandiero brothers shot in Naples after failed revolt in Cosenza
86
Why was Mazzini successful?
Campaigned longer than anyone else, wrote thousands of letters and articles, and converted many including Garibaldi, created Young Italy, and kept nationalism a talked about concept
87
Why was Mazzini a failure?
Seen as too radical, prevented Italy from gaining French support due to attitude, alienated the rich and potential rulers, too intellectual, political apathy from the peasant masses, and socio-economics not a large concern
88
How long did Mazzini spend in exile? Where?
40 years in total
London for the majority
89
What was political apathy?
Constitutional change was unimportant. Daily survival and providing an income were all that mattered.
90
Who were the Riformisti?
Group formed in 1830s believed Italy would flourish if free from Austrian control
91
What were the names of the journals by Romagnosi?
'Gli Annali' and 'Politecnico'
92
What did these journals stress by Romagnosi?
The importance of economic growth and put forward plans for schools, banks, and a common monetary system
93
Where were the cheese and wine industries
Gorgonzola and Chianti
94
What industry dominated Italy in 1840? What was the issue with this?
Agriculture - inefficient and vulnerable to foreign competition
95
What occurred between 1820-40?
Poor harvests caused riots and disorder (European Harvest Failure 1846-47)
96
Why did living conditions deteriorate in cities?
Overcrowding, poor housing, terrible conditions due to the economic divide increasing
97
What was life expectancy in Naples by 1840?
24
98
What document was created by Charles Albert in 1847?
The Statuto
99
Why did the Statuto come about?
Demonstrations in Piedmont, Turin, and Genoa demanding a constitution and influenced by the American, English, and Belgium constitutions
100
What did the Statuto do?
Gave radical and reformers of Italy civil rights to stand on, driving unification and a representative government
101
What did crowds chant about Pope Pius IX?
'O sommo Pio'
102
What year did tensions start and where, as permitted by the 1815 Treaty of Vienna?
1847, Papal town of Ferrara due to Austrian troop occupation
103
What was the result of these tensions between the Pope and Austria?
The Pope lodged a formal protest with the Austrian government. Pope denied Austrians the right to cross the Papal states in January 1848
104
What happened to the Austrian garrison?
Austria seen to be in conflict with the church - March 1848 Venice declared a Republic and Skirmishes forced them out
105
When was the cholera outbreak in Sicily? How many died?
1836, 65,000 deaths
106
How many army reinforcements arrived in Sicily to aid the 1848 revolution?
5,000
107
What did the revolutionaries demand in Sicily?
The restoration of the 1812 Constitution
108
What did Ferdinand II offer the revolutionaries? When?
Offer of autonomy to Sicily January 18th 1848
109
Who set a civic guard and why?
Middle-class moderates
Control the masses who were destroying property, freeing prisoners, and burning tax records
110
How large a force did Ferdinand II dispatch to Sicily?
20,000
111
Where were Ferdinand II forces dispatched to?
Messina and the Sicilian Parliament
112
What happened in Sicily in March 1849?
Ferdinand abolishes Parliament in Naples and attacks Palermo in Sicily. Revolutionary leaders abandon the cause. Sicily and Naples reunited
113
What nickname did Ferdinand II receive after the revolutionary activity in Sicily?
King Bomba, 3 days of intensive bombardment
114
What was the name of the Neapolitan commander
General Carlo Filangieri
115
When did Filangieri occupy Palermo?
May 15th 1849
116
What is the term meant for 'poor masses'
Lazzaroni
117
Where did revoltion ignite in Naples?
Restive province of Salerno
118
What happened at the January 17th 1848 uprising in Naples?
Launched by secret societies, public records are burned and some of the Bourbon officials killed
119
When did Ferdinand II yield to demonstrators in Naples?
27th January, 1848
120
Who did Ferdinand II appoint as the new minister in Naples?
Nicola Maresca, the Duke of Serracapriola
121
What did Ferdinand grant thereafter in Naples after appointing a new minister in January 1848?
A conservative constitution that was greeted with enthusiasm
122
Which moderate minister was appointed shortly after Maresca ?
Carlo Troya
123
What did Troya persuade Ferdinand II to do?
Broaden the franchise, break diplomatic relations with Austria and send forces against them
124
How large a force did the new minister want Ferdinand II to send against the Austrians?
17,000 men
125
Who was to lead this force against the Austrians?
General Guglielmo Pepe
126
Which anti-constitutional opportunist did Ferdinand II appoint as head of government in Naples?
Giustino Fortunato
127
What was the result of demands for reform in Naples?
Ferdinand lost interest in reforms. The arbitrary and repressive police state crushed any calls for reform
128
What caused the '5 glorious days' in Milan?
Boycott on tobacco
129
How many petitioned for liberal reforms to the Austrian governor general in Milan (March 1848)?
10,000
130
Who was the Austrian commander in Milan?
Radetzky
131
What did Lombardy ask for from Piedmont?
An alliance for protection from an Austrian backlash
132
Who led the moderates in Piedmont? What did they want?
Cassati, wanted a union
133
Who led the radicals in Piedmont? What did they want?
Cattaneo, wanted to create a federation of Italian republics
134
What did Charles Albert do in response to the fear of French intervention?
Declared war on Austria and invaded Lombardy
135
Which area did Charles Albert take and which battle did he win?
Stopped Radetzky from retaining Peschiera and won at the Battle of Goito (May 1848)
136
How many French troops amassed at the Piedmontese border?
30,000
137
Why were there large divisions in the Piedmontese army?
Lack of trust due to regional loyalty and different political aims
138
Who was allowed to join the Piedmontese army under Charles Albert?
Only those who would swear loyalty to Piedmont
139
Which battle were the Piedmontese crushed at?
Custozza
140
Where were the Piedmontese expelled from?
Lombardy
141
When was the Armistice signed and where, after the Piedmontese failed to defeat the Austrians?
Salasco, 9th August, 1848
142
Who replaced Charles Albert after he abdicated?
Victor Emmanuel II
143
How much were reparations from the war with Austria (First War of Italian Independence)?
65 million French Francs
144
What was the Papal Allocution?
Pope Pius IX stated that the war did not have his blessing because he was unprepared to upset Catholic Austria. Charles Albert was the aggressor, and the papacy had no wish to lead a united Italy
145
Who did Pius appoint as his PM?
Anti-liberal Count Rossi
146
Which PM was murdered while entering Parliament and when?
Count Rossi
15th November 1848
147
When did the Pope flee Rome and where to?
November 26th, 1848
Gaeta, Naples
148
Who formed the revolutionary government in Pius’ absence?
Giuseppe Galletti
149
What measures were introduced by Galletti's government?
Tax reform, public works and the setting up of the Constituente to decide the future of Rome and Italy
150
What was the role of the Constituente?
Made up of mainly middle-class radicals. Decided the future of Rome and Italy, setting up the Roman Republic
151
Which PM’s persuaded CA to attack the Austrians again?
Gioberti and Chiodo
152
Where was Piedmont defeated by the Austrians, again, and when?
Novara
23rd March 1849
153
Who made up the Triumvirate?
Mazzini, Saffi, and Armellini
154
What measures were introduced by the Triumvirate?
Reformed Roman laws, cleared slums, ended church control of the press, abolished the death penalty, removed church control of education, and promised a constitution
155
How many French troops amassed outside the walls of Rome?
20,000
156
What famous speech did military general Garibaldi make to the Constituente when under siege from the French?
Promised “hunger, thirst, forced marches, battle and death”
157
How many soldiers did Garibaldi escape with from Rome?
400
158
Where did Garibaldi escape too?
San Marino
159
Where did Mazzini escape to exile again, and when?
London
5th July 1849
160
Why did Metternich resign?
Revolution broke out in Vienna
161
Who is a Venetian Republic declared under?
Daniel Manin
162
Where was the last of the revolutions?
Venice
163
Why was the Venetian Republic forced to surrender?
Hunger and an outbreak of cholera
164
Who was the leader of Tuscany in 1848?
Leopold II
165
Who was appointed to lead the government during the Republic of Tuscany 1848-49?
Montanelli
166
How long did Rome lie in the hands of Mazzini and the Republic of Rome?
100 days
167
Which organisation in France voted to intervene to restore the Pope?
French National Assembly
168
How long did it take for the French forces to enter Rome?
2 months
169
How long did the Armistice of Salasco last?
Less than 9 months
170
Who was the only member of the Pope’s forces who retained support for CA?
Rebel Durando
171
Why did Piedmont attract political refugees?
Free press, elected although unrepresentative assembly, legal equality, and some civil liberty
171
How many refugees arrived to Turin and Genoa in the 1850s?
30,000
172
Which two notable individuals arrived with refugees to Turin and Genoa?
Economist Ferrara and writer Massari
173
What was the biggest positive of the 1848-49 revolutions?
The Statuto
174
What were some of the negatives from the 1848-49 revolutions?
Austria reasserted military dominance in the region, the Pope excommunicated all who tried to reduce his temporal power (denounced all earlier reforms), French troops now stationed in Rome, Mazzini’s ideas had failed
