Booklet 1: 1796-1832 Flashcards
1815
Restoration of Italian states by Act of the Congress of Vienna
What was the restoration a result of?
End of Napoleonic wars
What was reactionary rule?
When a ruler uses oppression to oppose change
What was the Risorgimento?
‘Reawakening’. Used to describe the development of national identity and an awareness among Italians of common culture
Was was the impact of the Risorgimento?
Limited, but there was a growing awareness among the literate class
What was the unifying factor for most Italian nationalists?
To challenge Austrian influence and expel them from the Italian peninsula
Why did most revolutions fail?
Regional differences, diversity of aims, and lack of foreign support
What is an absolutist state?
A state without any restriction on the power or authority of the ruler
What is temporal power?
The political power of the papacy
What was the Kingdom of Sardinia made up of?
Piedmont on the mainland and the island of Sardinia
Who ruled the Kingdom of Sardinian and where?
House of Savoy in Turin
What was Sardinia like?
Backwards, poor and scarcely populated
What did Victor Emmanuel I do in 1814?
Returned to Piedmont and began to restore the absolutist state
What was the church restored to?
Its pre-Napoleonic privileged status
What happened to Lombardy?
Before the Napoleonic wars it was part of the Austrian Empire, and afterwards it was returned to Austrian control in 1814
Who ruled the Papal States pre-Napoleon?
Ruled by the head of the Catholic Church who resided in Rome, the Pope
What happened to the Papal States post-Napoleon?
Pope Pius VII was restored to his position as spiritual and temporal ruler
What was Venetia like pre and post-Napoleon?
Had lost its importance as a trading power, and fell under Napoleonic rule, but afterwards was annexed to Austria
What were the Central Duchies?
Tuscany, Modena and Parma
What were the Central Duchies like during the Napoleonic period?
Amalgamated in 1801 into the Kingdom of Etruria
What happened to the Central Duchies post-Napoleon?
Left them firmly under Austrian influence
What was the Kingdom of Naples made up of?
Sicily and the southern part of the mainland, poorest region in Italy
Who was restored to the Kingdom of Naples in 1815?
Bourbon King Ferdinand I, Church was restored to its position of power
What was the Carbonari?
‘Charcoal Burners’, secret society committed to the rights of the people and was prepared to use violence and revolution to achieve its aims
Where was the Carbonari strongest?
In Naples where it had as many as 60,000 members following the restoration in 1815
What happened in 1820-21?
Uprisings and revolutions in Naples, Sicily, and Piedmont which reflected dissatisfaction with rulers and local issues
What was the result of 1820-21?
Did not go as far as to challenge Austrian hegemony nor form the basis of a movement demanding change on a national basis, number of Italian revolutionaries fled abroad
Through the 1820 was there any national movements?
No, but there were groups with grievances with the rulers and so joined secret societies
Who were the types of people that joined secret societies?
Those who’d lost out from the restoration of the old monarchies, those who lost political rights
What was another secret society?
Adelfi, strongly anti-french society, but by 1818 its main aim was the destruction of Austrian rule leading to a democratic republic
What was the fundamental economic issue?
Ownership of land
What was industrial development like?
Certain regions, focus on textiles and light industry, relied on foreign imports, slow in North but non-existent in South
When was the first railway built?
1839
When were the widespread famines?
1814, 1818, mid-1840s and 1853
When were the Cholera outbreaks?
1835-1837
