Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Book 29 - 2020 > BOOK 29 Building Construction 2020 > Flashcards

BOOK 29 Building Construction 2020 Flashcards

1
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
A working knowledge of building construction not only provides the necessary expertise to conduct a quick and accurate size-up of a structure, it also provides the foundation for effective, timely, and safe operations in the following areas:

A

Structural Integrity
Ladder Placement
Forcible Entry / Search and Rescue
Ventilation Feasibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
A common definition of this well used term is as follows: “Size-up (estimate of the situation) is a mental evaluation that assists in determining a course of action and the methods necessary to accomplish a desired goal.” Basically, a size-up consists of three operations as follows:

A

Analyze the situation.
Decide on a plan. (strategy)
Put the plan into operation.(tactics)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
Now, let’s focus on the first portion of size-up, “analyzing the situation.” When this portion of a size-up is applied to a structure fire, one of the first considerations should be the type and construction of the building. These two factors will indicate:

A

Rate of burning.
Possible avenues of fire spread. (false ceilings, multiple attics, facades, etc.)
Problems that will have a direct impact on efforts to confine a fire.
Structural integrity.
Time necessary to conduct safe fireground operations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction - Look past the exterior of a building and visualize what is INSIDE (strengths and hazards) the building. Our size-up will focus on the following areas:

A 
Construction Styles
Roof Styles
Construction Methods
Metal Concrete
Masonry
Frame/Stucco
Curtain
Age of the Building.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
Conventional construction utilizes structural members that depend on size for strength.

SIZE = STRENGTH

This can be easily demonstrated by considering mill/timber construction. Structural members may be _ x _ inches for strength.

The size of structural members dictate the time necessary for failure when exposed to heat or fire.

A

8 x 8 inches for strength.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -Unlike conventional construction, lightweight truss construction does not derive strength from size. Strength is obtained from multiple members that are in compression and tension. The strength of the individual structural member is dependent on the total sum of the other members; therefore, if one member fails, others may fail.
(A single lightweight truss structural member can span __-feet and may be comprised of 2 x 4’s in compression and tension to form an integral unit)

A

70-feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
There is no comparison between the size of the wood in conventional and lightweight construction. With few exceptions, _” x _”s and _” x _”s are the standard for lightweight construction, while conventional construction will utilize a minimum of 2” x 4”s (and up to mill/timber construction).

A

2” x 3”s and 2” x 4”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
Remember, the ability to accurately estimate the amount of time that a structure can be considered structurally strong is dependent on the following factors:

A

Type of Construction.
How long the fire has been burning.
Fire Intensity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
Gable Roof - as detailed earlier in this section, 2 x 6 inch rafters (spaced up to __ inches “oncenter” for steep pitched roofs) were commonly utilized for roof structural members. Additionally, the ridge was comprised of _ x _ inch ridge board or the lack of a ridge board which resulted in the 2 x 6 inch rafters butted together.

Lightweight construction utilizes 2 x 3 or 2 x 4 inch wood trusses held together by metal gusset plate connectors. Truss systems are enjoying widespread use in roof, floor and rough window and door openings. Trusses share common features such as top chords, bottom chords, and webbing.

A

36 inches “oncenter”

1 x 6 inch ridge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
Gable Roof - metal gusset plate connectors may vary in size, thickness, and depth of penetration. The most common are __ gauge steel plates with prongs that produce __ inch penetration.

A

18 gauge

3/8 inch penetration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
Gable Roof - A point of interest with this type of lightweight construction (which also applies to open web and wooden “I” beam construction) is the fact that truss members may only be supported at ?

A

at their outside edges (unless used as a cantilever truss).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
Gable Roof - Interior partition walls may not support the truss at any point along the bottom chord. Eighteen-gauge “roof truss clips” may be found nailed to the bottom chord (every __ to __ trusses) and top plate of interior walls. Roof truss clips provide some stability for interior partition walls. In this configuration, interior partition walls could be classified as “free standing.” Common “on-center” spacing for truss rafters is 24 inches.

A

(every three to five trusses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
Gable Roof - Conventional construction utilizes ridge boards and rafters of 2 x 6 inches or larger. This type of construction will last longer (compared to 2 x 4 inch trusses) when exposed to fire. The strong areas of this roof are?

A

the ridge and the area where the rafters cross the outside walls.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -

Gable Roof - Newer roofs use __ or__ inch plywood as a decking instead of 1 x 4 inch or 1 x 6 inch space sheathing

A

3/8 or ½ inch plywood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q 
BOOK 29 Building Construction - 
Hip Roof (conventional) - Valley rafters are utilized where two roof lines join together. Jack and common rafters complete the structural members. The ridge board and rafters are usually _ x _ inches or larger
A

2 x 6 inches
(Conventional or ordinary construction consists of a ridge board, hip rafters from the ridge board down to and across the corners at the outside walls).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -Strengths
Hip Roof - (strengths) Ridge board, valley rafters, hip rafters, and the area where rafters cross the ___ are areas of strength. In conventional construction, ridges and rafters are 2 x 6 inches or larger.

A

outside walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -Hazards

Hip Roof - (hazards) Similar to gable roofs. Utilization of 2 x 3 or 2 x 4 inch rafters or trusses will produce similar results to 2 x 4 inch rafters and lightweight trusses in gable roofs when exposed to fire. Roofs with a steep pitch may require roof ladders to conduct ventilation operations. If the roof is covered with tile or other similar materials, the roof will become slippery when wet and offers minimal footing when dry.

Additionally, tile and other related materials need to be removed prior to roof ventilation operations.

A

reference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
BRIDGE TRUSS ROOF - These roofs are found on various types and sizes of commercial buildings primarily constructed during the 1930’s and 1940’s. Wooden truss members are built from _ x _ inch lumber.

A

2 x 12 inch lumber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
BRIDGE TRUSS ROOF - This usually constitutes a heavy grade of construction. Metal tie rods may be used vertically for additional support. Rafters are _ x _ inches or larger and covered by _ x _ inch sheathing (diagonal or straight) and composition roofing material. Straight sheathing was utilized prior to 1933, and diagonal sheathing was utilized after 1933.

Plywood decking (installed over existing) is utilized, if modified for the Earthquake Ordinance.

A

2 x 6 inches or larger and covered by 1 x 6 inch sheathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
BRIDGE TRUSS ROOF - (Strengths)

Well constructed. When exposed to fire, early collapse of main structural members should not be a primary concern. However, depending on the type of fire, this roof predictably fails in ___ This roof is easily identified by its characteristic sloping ends.

A

fails in sections.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
BRIDGE TRUSS ROOF - (Hazards)
strength is dependent on the size of lumber utilized and the span of trusses. The trusses are in tension and compression and may fail under severe fire conditions. The underside of the roof is usually common to the interior of commercial warehouse type structures or the bridge trusses can be modified to allow storage in the attic area or ceilings (the bottom chords can be covered with sheathing or plywood) (and/or lath and plaster, etc. can be attached to the bottom of chord of the trusses. These factors can contribute to early collapse of the trusses and roof. If the roof has been modified for the Earthquake Ordinance, ventilation personnel must be aware of plywood, metal straps and supports.

A

reference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
BOWSTRING ARCH ROOFS - Usually a large size (_ x _ or _ x _ inch) of lumber comprises the arch trusses and related members. Some arch trusses have multiple beams forming one truss arch. Rafters are 2 x 6 inches or larger and covered by 1 x 6 inch sheathing (diagonal or straight) and composition roofing material. Straight sheathing was utilized prior to 1933, and diagonal sheathing was utilized after 1933. Plywood decking (on top of the sheathing) is utilized, if modified for the Earthquake Ordinance.

A

(2 x 12 or 2 x 14 inch)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
BOWSTRING ARCH ROOFS -(Strengths)

Most roofs of this type are well constructed. When exposed to fire, early structural collapse of the arched trusses should not be a primary concern. Similar to the bridge truss roof, it usually fails in ___, depending on the type of fire and structural integrity of the roof.

A

sections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
BOWSTRING ARCH ROOFS - (Hazards)

Strength is dependent on the size of lumber utilized and the span of trusses. The trusses are in tension and compression and may fail under severe fire conditions. The underside of the roof is usually common to the interior of commercial warehouse type structures or the arch trusses can be modified to allow storage in the attic area or ceilings (the bottom chords can be covered with sheathing or plywood) (and/or lath and plaster, etc., can be attached to the bottom of chord of the trusses. These factors can contribute to early collapse of the trusses and roof.

If the roof has been modified for the Earthquake Ordinance, ventilation personnel must be aware of plywood, metal straps and supports

A

reference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
LAMELLA ARCH ROOF - An egg crate, geometric or diamond-patterned roof. Constructed from _ x _ inch wood framing with steel plates and bolts at junctions of framing. Roof decking is 1 x 6 inch sheathing and composition roofing material. This type of an arch roof is supported by exterior buttresses or internal tie rods with turnbuckles, and is common on gymnasiums, large buildings used for recreational activities, large supermarkets, etc.

A

2 x 12 inch wood framing with steel plates and bolts at junctions of framing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
LAMELLA ARCH ROOF (Hazards) - Although these roofs offer some protection when exposed to fire, total roof collapse may occur if fire removes more than __% of the roof structure. Total roof collapse of the roof can result from “_____”

A

20%

“the domino effect.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -

TIED TRUSS ARCH ROOFS - Tie rods (usually ___ inch in diameter) with turnbuckles are used below each arch member to ensure the arches do not push the exterior walls outward. Tie rods may pass through exterior walls outside plates, which facilitate identification of this style of roof. Proper tie rod tension is maintained by turnbuckles. Top chords of arch member may utilize laminated 2 x 12’s or large members. Rafters are 2 x 10 inches or larger and covered by 1 x 6 inch sheathing (diagonal or straight) and composition roofing material. Straight sheathing was utilized prior to 1933, and diagonal sheathing was utilized after 1933. Plywood decking (on top of the sheathing) is utilized, if modified for the Earthquake Ordinance.

A

5/8 inch

28
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
TIED TRUSS ARCH ROOFS (Strengths) -
This type of roof utilizes a large size of lumber (_x _ inches or larger) and 1 x 6 sheathing as the roof decking.

A

2 x 12 inches or larger

29
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
TIED TRUSS ARCH ROOFS (hazards) -The primary hazard of this roof is early failure of the metal tie rods and turnbuckles. The tie rods, which are in tension, provide lateral support for the exterior walls and prevent the arches, which are in compression, from pushing the exterior walls __ and collapsing the building

A

outward

30
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
SAWTOOTH ROOF -Used on commercial buildings to yield additional light and ventilation for manufacturing type occupancies.
It is constructed with rafters of _ x _inches or larger and utilizes __ and/or __ supports for bracing. The sloping portion is covered with 1 x 6 inch sheathing (or ½ inch plywood in newer roofs) and composition roofing material. This type of roof is basically constructed the same today as it was during the 1930’s and 1940’s.

A

2 x 8 inches or larger and utilizes wood and/or metal

31
Q 
BOOK 29 Building Construction - 
SAWTOOTH ROOF (Strengths) - Well constructed. When exposed to fire, early collapse of main structural members should not be a primary concern. Additionally, this type of roof is easy to ventilate; utilize the?
A

hinged panes of glass.

32
Q 
BOOK 29 Building Construction - 
SAWTOOTH ROOF (Hazards) - The underside of these roofs can be considered as open or exposed to the structure. Newer sawtooth roofs are covered with \_\_ inch plywood. Plywood decking will yield little resistance to fire. If this roof has been modified for the Earthquake Ordinance, ventilation personnel must be aware of plywood, metal straps and supports.
A

½ inch plywood

33
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
CONVENTIONAL FLAT ROOF - Wood rafters of various sizes (_ x _ inches and larger) are laid across outside walls, or outside wall to interior walls/structural supports. Rafters are covered with 1 x 6 inch sheathing or plywood (in newer applications) and composition roofing material.
Some lightweight roofs are similar in design, but the rafters are replaced with lightweight construction, making it important not to mistake lightweight construction for conventional flat construction.

A

2 x 6 inches and larger

34
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
CONVENTIONAL FLAT ROOF (Strengths) -Susceptibility to fire is totally dependent on the size of the rafters, their “on-center” spacing and the type of decking that has been utilized. Consider the ____ of the building a strong point.

A

perimeter of the building

35
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
CONVENTIONAL FLAT ROOF (Hazards) - The degree of hazard is determined by the rafters, span, size, on-center spacing, and the presence of metal hangers used to suspend the rafters. If this roof has been modified for the Earthquake Ordinance, ventilation personnel must be aware of plywood, metal straps and supports.

Newer conventional flat roofs covered with plywood instead of sheathing will present a significant problem. Plywood which may be found in __ inch to __ inch thickness’ offer minimal structural integrity under fire conditions. Plywood roof decking may be burned out (plywood “layers” comes when exposed to heat and/or fire) from the underside of the roof. New applications are utilizing “particle or chip board” for decking applications.

A

3/8 inch to 5/8 inch thickness’

36
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
Wooden I Beam - consists of top and bottom parallel wooden chords that are connected by a wooden stem. The top chord which is under a load, offers a bridging effect causing the top chord to be in compression and the bottom chord member to be in tension. Open web construction is prefabricated at the factory before installation.
Two-by-fours are used as chords, but _ x _ inch chords are common. Some chords may resemble plywood due to horizontal (or longitudinal) laminations. However, this is a trade lamination process that enable a low grade of lumber to be used for structural members. The stem is joined to the top and bottom chords by a continuous glued-edge joint, and may be constructed from 3/8 inch plywood or “chip-board” of the same thickness.

When these prefabricated joists are installed in a building, top chord members can be secured (metal hangers) to the top of bearing walls with the bottom chord member remaining unsupported and away from the wall, or the bottom chord member can be secured to the top of bearing walls with the top chord unsupported and above the wall. The common on-center spacing is 24 inches.

A

2 x 3 inch chords

37
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
Wooden I Beam - Nailing blocks are placed perpendicular to the top chords and are spaced four feet apart. This provides an additional nailing surface for the 4’ x 8’ sheets of plywood.
When plywood decking is nailed to structural members a method termed “diaphragm nailing” is employed. Prior to nailing, the plywood sheets are placed so the 8-foot dimension crosses the roof structural members and the 4-foot dimension parallels the roof structural member. The joints of the plywood are then staggered (___’) similar to a masonry wall.

A

every 4’ (same as open web roofs)

38
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -

Wooden I Beam (Strengths) - Consider the ___ of the building where the roof ties into the exterior walls a strong area.

A

perimeter (same as open web roofs and Open web bar joist)

39
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
Wooden I Beam (Hazards) - What there is to burn consists of __ inch stem and 2 x 3 inch or 2 x 4 inch chords in tension and compression. It will take little time for the __ inch stem to burn, weaken, and cause collapse of the truss chords and roof that has been sufficiently undermined by fire.
Buildings will be found with open and unprotected chords. Common practice is to run heating and air conditioning ducts of various sizes through the stems which removes a significant percentage of the stem and gives fire horizontal access to adjacent “I” beams, assisting the travel and spread of fire. Due to the size of lumber and the chord members in tension and compression, expect rapid failure of this roof when exposed to fire.
Plywood will burn and fail at a fast rate and offers little resistance to fire.
Ventilation personnel must be aware of nailing blocks when cutting between and parallel to the top chords.

A

3/8 inch stem

40
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
Open web construction consists of top and bottom parallel wooden chords that are cross-connected by steel tube web members. The top chord (supported) which is under a load, offers a bridging effect causing the top chord to be in compression and the bottom chord member (unsupported) to be in tension. Open web construction is prefabricated at the factory before installation, and is constructed with either parallel chord laid on edge or flat laid chords. The steel tube web members are prefabricated from __ to __ inch cold rolled steel tubing with the ends pressed flat into a semicircular shape with a hole punched through the end. These flattened ends are inserted into slots in the chords and steel pins (up to __ inch) are driven through the chord members and flattened ends of the web member, completing the assembly. Spans to ___-feet are possible using a single 2’ x 4’ or two 2’ x 3’s as top and bottom chord members. A single 2 x 4 up to __ feet is made possible by joining different lengths in glued, mitered “finger joints.”

A

one to two inch cold rolled steel tubing
up to one inch
70-feet

41
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
Open Web Roof (hazards) - What there is to burn consists of cold rolled steel, _ x_ inch or _ x _ inch chords in tension and compression. It will take little time to burn, weaken, and cause collapse of the truss chords and roof that have been sufficiently undermined by fire.

Buildings will be found with open and unprotected chords. Expect to find a lack of fire stops in this construction. Due to the size of lumber and the chord members in tension and compression, expect rapid failure of this roof when exposed to fire.

Plywood will burn and fail at a fast rate and offers little resistance to fire. Ventilation personnel must be aware of nailing blocks when cutting between and parallel to the top chords.

A

2 x 3 inch or 2 x 4 inch

42
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
Metal Gusset Plat Roof - Trusses consist of top chords, bottom chords and webbing (supports between the top and bottom chords). These trusses are held together by “metal gusset plate” connectors that vary in size, thickness and depth of penetration. Eighteen-gauge steel plates with prongs that produce 3/8 inch penetration are common and used in a wide variety of applications. Utilization of 2” x 4”s in a span of up to __ feet may be found in flat metal gusset plate roofs. Decking material is usually ½ inch plywood. Dwellings will use 3/8 inch or ½ inch plywood.

A

80 feet

43
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
Metal Gusset Plat Roof (Strengths) - Consider the strong area to be where the trusses ___ or terminate on the outside bearing walls.

A

trusses cross (cantilever applications)

44
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
Metal Gusset Plat Roof (Hazards) - The material exposed to fire consists of 2 x 4 inch trusses chords in tension and compression with metal gusset plate connectors. It will take little time to burn, weaken, and cause collapse of the truss chords and roof that have been sufficiently undermined by fire. Whether from connector plates that have pulled out or from deep char, a truss or multiple trusses will fail. In dwellings, rapid and total collapse is common.

A

reference

45
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
PANELIZED ROOF - This roof may be found on wood, masonry or concrete tilt tip slab buildings. It consists of four major components:

A

Beams (laminated wood or metal)
Purlins
2 x 4 inch joists
1/2 inch plywood decking

46
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
PANELIZED ROOF - Laminated beams of various sizes (_ x _ inch is common) are initially installed spanning the length or width of the building. Beams are supported at their ends by pilasters, wood or steel posts, or saddles. Wood or steel posts may provide additional support along the span.

A

6 x 36 inch is common

47
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -T
PANELIZED ROOF - these beams are spaced between __ and __ feet apart. Beams may be bolted together to provide lengths well in excess of __ feet. Supported by these beams, wooden purlins are installed with metal hangers on 8 foot centers (a sheet of plywood is eight feet long).

A

12 and 40 feet apart. Beams may be bolted together to provide lengths well in excess of 100 feet.

48
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
PANELIZED ROOF - A common size for a purlin is _ x _ inches with the length depending on the spacing of the beam. Metal gusset plate trusses are beginning to be substituted for conventional purlins, resulting in substantial cost savings as well as an additional collapse hazard.

A

4 x 12 inches

49
Q 
BOOK 29 Building Construction -
 PANELIZED ROOF (Hazards)- Beam span supports of _inch hollow steel pipe may be found. Expect weakening and/or collapse of these supports with failure of large portions of the roof under heavy fire conditions.

Moderate to heavy fire intensities will quickly burn through the 2 x 4 inch joists and 1/2 inch plywood decking, which may result in vertical travel of the fire and a reduction in horizontal fire spread. When the insulation (kraft paper) is subjected to fire or sufficient heat, the foil covering will peel away from the middle layer of tar impregnated paper. The paper will give off flammable gases that rise and build up between the insulation paper and plywood decking. When the ignition temperature of the gases is reached, the gases will flash, resulting in heavy char to the surrounding wood and burning insulation paper dropping to the floor below (which contributes to rapid spread of the fire). Fire is then able to expose the 2 x 4 inch joists and ½ inch plywood decking which offer little resistance to fire.

A

4-inch hollow steel pipe may be found

50
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -

PANELIZED ROOF - (Strengths) - The strengths of this roof are:

A

Beams
Purlins
Building Perimeter

51
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
Open Web Bar Joist - construction utilizes a popular building material (metal) in a wide variety of buildings, large and small. Top and bottom chords are usually made from __ inch steel and web supports are solid __ inch steel bar. Large buildings may have bar-joists used as girders spaced up to __ feet . Joists are spaced eight feet apart to accept corrugated metal decking covered by alternating layers of tar and tar paper.

These layers may also include a composition board or other type of material to provide insulation protection. Additionally, 4 x 8 foot sheets of ½ inch plywood with 2 x 4 inch joists are gaining popularity. This roof may have composition covering the decking.

A

1/8 inch steel and web supports are solid 5/8 inch steel bar

45 feet

52
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
Open Web Bar Joist (Hazards) - Metal exposed to fire or sufficient heat (steel begins to lose its strength at ____ degrees F) will expand, twist and possibly fail. Therefore, when the entire roof is comprised of metal, the short time necessary for roof collapse should be a major concern

A

1000 degrees F

53
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE ROOF - A steel or wood sub-structure is covered by corrugated metal (“Robertson Decking”). An air-entrained mixture of sand, cement and, occasionally, pea gravel is pumped on top of the corrugated metal decking and _ x _ inch or _ x _ inch wire mesh to a thickness of __ to __ inches. Composition roofing material makes up the final layer. These roofs are utilized when additional insulative properties are desired (next to airports, freeways, etc.).

A

4 x 4 inch or 6 x 6 inch wire mesh to a thickness of three to four inches

54
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE ROOF (Hazards) - Concrete roofs are difficult to penetrate with a chain saw or rotary saw with a masonry blade. Use a rotary saw with a diamond blade or____ blade to cut ventilation openings.

A

carbide tipped wood blade

55
Q 
BOOK 29 Building Construction - 
Metal Beams (Hazards) - Vertical extension of fire and smoke to upper floors is enhanced in buildings with multiple floors.

Falling panels of glass or other building materials.

What you see is “not what you get.” Brick buildings that consist of brick construction offer both structural integrity and the lack of vertical extension through the walls. However, newer buildings that appear to be of brick construction covered with brick veneer attached to lightweight construction. Pre-fire planning your area and being familiar with construction and specific buildings is the key. When exposed to sufficient heat, metal beams can expand _” per _’ which can push out walls, etc

A

metal beams can expand 9” per 100’ which can push out walls,

56
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
concrete TILT UP - These buildings are made of concrete slabs that have been “tilted up” into place to form exterior walls of a structure. These buildings are easily identified by their exterior appearance and can be up to __ stories in height.

A

five stories

57
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -

Masonry buildings constructed prior to 1933 have the following characteristics:

A

Mortar consisting of sand and lime only, no cement.
Lack of steel reinforcing rods (“rebar”).
Brick exterior walls about 13 inches thick.
Parapet walls around the perimeter of a roof. Parapet walls can be three feet above the roof line, and five feet or more if used as a facade on the front of a building.
Floor and roof joists that are “let” (penetrated or resting in a cavity) into the inside of the exterior walls.
Straight roof sheathing.
Roof and floor joists that are “fire cut” (ends were cut with an angle) so they would pull loose from the exterior walls during a fire and collapse into the interior of the building without pulling down the exterior walls.

58
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
Post 1933 After the disastrous Long Beach Earthquake of 1933, building codes were revised to provide better earthquake safety for new masonry buildings. The following revisions characterize the masonry buildings that were built after 1933:

A

Exterior walls are required to be at least nine inches thick.
Masonry walls are required to be reinforced with steel “rebar.”
All joists and rafters are required to be anchored to exterior walls. This is usually accomplished by bolting a “ledger board” to a masonry wall and attaching the joist and rafters to the ledger board with metal hangers.
Cement utilized in the mortar.
Diagonal roof sheathing.

59
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
Post 1959 After the Tehachapi Earthquake of 1959, building codes were modified to require the following retroactive correction on existing buildings masonry construction:

A

A four to six inch concrete bond-beam cap to be laid on top of lowered parapet walls along public ways and exits.

Parapet walls should not be higher than 16 inches including the bond-beam cap, and most importantly;

Exterior walls drilled at the roof rafter level and a steel anchor bar/rod installed every FOUR Feet and attached to the existing roof rafter. This modification rendered the fire cut of the roof rafter ineffective.
The steel anchor bar/rods are secured to the exterior of the building by a plate/nut combination that is known as “rafter tie plates.”

60
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -

Post 1971 the Sylmar Earthquake of 1971 provided the impetus to further modify existing buildings of unreinforced masonry construction. A Committee was formed to evaluate these buildings and review current building codes. That review was instrumental in additional retroactive corrections (EARTHQUAKE ORDINANCE) designed to prevent exterior walls from collapsing outward by stabilizing the building by:

A

Anchoring walls to floor and roof systems.

Strengthening roof construction (plywood, metal straps, etc.)

61
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
Brick Identification - Deeply recessed window frames. Window frames are “set” to the inside of the wall, thereby exposing about ____-inches of brick return on the exterior of a building. Remember, these walls are at least 13 inches thick.

A

eight-inches

62
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
Brick Identification -In every __ to ___ row of bricks, one row will have been laid “on-end.” This row of bricks is referred to as the “king row” and is for additional strength

A

fourth to seventh row

63
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
Additionally unreinforced masonry buildings are required to be reinforced to comply with the Earthquake Ordinance. Modifications may include the following:
Add steel bracing from parapet walls to roof structural members.
Metal straps across the width of the roof and attached to opposing walls. The straps are usually __ of the length of the building back from the front and rear walls.
Remove the layers of composition and cover the sheathing with ½ inch plywood. This decking is then recovered with composition.

A

1/3 of the length

64
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
Personnel and apparatus placement. Due to the presence of arch roofs that have been modified as per the Earthquake Ordinance and floor/joists rafters that have been anchored to the walls, exterior walls may suddenly collapse (during fire conditions) outward a distance that is equal to at least the height of the wall. The primary danger from collapse are the front and rear walls of a building. The secondary danger from collapse are the side walls of a building. The safe area are as follows:

A

The corners of a building.

A distance at least equal to the height of the walls away from a building.

65
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction BUNGALOW AND BALLOON CONSTRUCTION
These buildings were constructed during the 1920’s, 1930’s and 1940’s, and are primarily utilized in single family dwellings and multi-story habitational occupancies up to __ stories.

Hazards
Increased exposure problems due to all-wood construction.

A

four

66
Q

BOOK 29 Building Construction -
Depending on the particular method that is employed, “curtain” construction can be about __% faster than conventional construction.

Hazards

Steel exposed to fire or sufficient heat begins to lose its structural integrity at 1000 degrees F. Aluminum exposed to the same conditions will lose its tensile strength and possibly fail in a shorter time period. Because exterior panels are structurally dependent on metal brackets or struts, expect exterior panel failure when this type of construction is exposed to fire.

Large glass panels have replaced conventional windows. Glass panels can also be expected to fail when exposed to fire or sufficient heat.

A

60% faster

Book 29 - 2020 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions