book

Question 1

It is known to contain a mixture of colors found in the rainbow

Answer 1

White Light

Question 2

Analytical methods based on the absorption of radiant energy

Answer 2

Absorptimetric methods

Question 3

Absorptimetric methods which utilize the visible region of the spectrum

Answer 3

Colorimetric methods

Question 4

Some of which are of great importance in medicine and pharmacy

Answer 4

Colorimetric methods

Question 5

The color and intensity of the transmitted radiant energy are a measure of the concentration and are determined by comparison with a color chart, or more accurately, by this instrument.

Answer 5

Spectrophotometer

Question 6

It is defined as the methods if analysis which deal with the measurement of spectra.

Answer 6

Spectrometry

Question 7

It is the term used to define the complete system of energy propagated in wave form.

Answer 7

Electromagnetic spectrum

Question 8

It refers to energy in the UV, Visible, and IR regions of the electromagnetic spectrum

Answer 8

Radiant energy

Question 9

It is a branch of spectrometry which embraces the measurement of the absorption, by chemical species, of radiant energy of definite and narrow wavelength, approximating monochromatic radiation.

Answer 9

Spectrophotometry

Question 10

It is the length of a complete wave or cycle, from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next

Answer 10

Wavelength

Question 11

Range of wavelengths of UV

Answer 11

200-380 nm

Question 12

Range of wavelengths of Visible

Answer 12

380-780 nm

Question 13

Range of wavelengths of Near IR

Answer 13

780-3000 nm

Question 14

Range of wavelengths of Medium IR

Answer 14

3.0 to 15 um

Question 15

Range of wavelengths of Far IR

Answer 15

15 to 300 um

Question 16

It may be defined as the number of wages per centimeter and is equal to 1/wavelength (cm)

Answer 16

Wavenumber

Question 17

It may be defined as a functional group which absorbs radiant energy in the UV or Visible regions of the spectrum.

Answer 17

Chromophore

Question 18

It may be defined as the number of comete cycles which pass a given point per second (cps).

It may also be expressed in Hertz

Answer 18

Frequency

Question 19

It is a branch of spectrophotometry in which absorption measurement is made in the visible region of the spectrum:

Answer 19

Colorimetry

Question 20

These are often used even though a compound to be analyzed absorbs in the UV REGION

Answer 20

Colorimetric methods

Question 21

These are terms used to designate instruments which have a radiant energy-dispersing device, such as prism or grating, and the associated electronics which permit the measurement of wavelength and radiant power

Answer 21

Spectrophotometer and Spectrometer

Question 22

Are terms used to designate instruments which have the necessary electronics to permit measurement of radiant power but which use a filter instead of a prism or diffraction grating for the purpose of increasing the sensitivity of the measurement

Answer 22

Colorimeter and Filter Photometer

Question 23

This transition occurs in the UV and Visible regions

Answer 23

Electronic Energy Transitions

Question 24

This transition occurs in the IR regions

Answer 24

Vibrational and Rotational Energy Transitions

Question 25

Fundamental vibration in which the distance increases or decreases along the bond axis

Answer 25

Stretching

Question 26

Fundamental Vibration in which a change in bond angles occur

Answer 26

Bending (deformation)

Question 27

The region from 3.0 to 8.0 um is referred to as

Answer 27

Group Frequency Region

Question 28

The 8.0 to 15 um region is referred to as

Answer 28

Fingerprint region

Question 29

It states that the power of a transmitted radiant beam decreases exponentially as the concentration of the solution containing the absorbing chemical species increases arithmetically.

Answer 29

Beer’s Law

Question 30

It states that a power of a transmitted radiant beam decreases exponentially as the thickness of solution containing the absorbing chemical increases arithmetically

Answer 30

Lambert’s or Bouguer’s Law

Question 31

It is a combination of two laws and relates the power of the incident and transmitted radiant beams to the thickness and concentration of the solution containing the absorbing chemical species

Answer 31

Beer-Lambert or Beer-Bouguer Law

Question 32

The ratio of the radiant power transmitted by the solution to the radiant power transmitted by the blank.

Answer 32

Transmittance

Question 33

It is also called optical density, absorbancy, extinction coefficient

Answer 33

Absorbance

Question 34

Concentration expressed jn grams of solute per liter of solution

Answer 34

Concentration

Question 35

The value obtained by dividing the absorbance by the product of concentration, expressed in grams per liter, and the path length, expressed in cm

Answer 35

Absorptivity

Question 36

The value obtained by dividing the absorbance by the product of the concentration of the solution, expressed in moles per liter, and the path length exposed in cm

Answer 36

Molar Absorptivity

Question 37

The graph obtained when absorbance or any function of absorbance is plotted against wavelength

Answer 37

Absorption spectrum

Question 38

An example of null-balance manually operated instrument

Answer 38

Beckman DU-2 spectrophotometer

Question 39

An example of a direct-reading manually operated spectrophotometer

Answer 39

Bausch and Lomb Spectronic 20

Question 40

Spectral range of Bausch and Lomb spectrophotometer

Answer 40

340 to 950 nm

Question 41

It is intended to establish within limits that a product has uniform amounts of an active ingredient in batch preparations of pharmaceutical dosage forms such as capsules, tablets, suspensions, and sterile solids

Answer 41

Content Uniformity Test in the USP

Question 42

Are frequently used as identification tests for pharmaceutical substances.

Answer 42

Spectrometric absorption methods

Question 43

Most frequently used regions of EM spectrum in Spectrometric Absorption Methods

Answer 43

UV and IR regions

Question 44

It is the region most often applied for identification purposes

Answer 44

Medium IR region

Question 45

In the IR region of the EM spectrum, it cannot be used as a solvent because it strongly absorbs most of the IR radiation

Answer 45

Water

Question 46

In other IR (also UV) analyses, it is a technique used to obtain the absorbance value of the solute

Answer 46

Baseline technique

Question 47

It is used in the assay of lithium carbonate, USP XIX, an anti depressant agent

Answer 47

Flame spectroscopy

Question 48

Other elements used for the assay by the Flame spectroscopy technique

Answer 48

Potassium, Sodium, Calcium

Question 49

Most frequently used flame spectroscopic methods

Answer 49

Flame Emission Spectrophotometry Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

Question 50

It involves the measurement of light absorbed by metal atoms, and in this regard resembles conventional absorptimetric methods

Answer 50

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Question 51

It is an emission phenomenon which may be explained as follows.

Answer 51

Fluorescence

Question 52

Two ways in which molecules revert to the ground state level

Answer 52

Collision deactivation (nonradiative process) Luminescence (radiative process)

Question 53

In this process, the energy is lost as heat through collision of the molecules in the excited state with surrounding molecules in a solution.

Answer 53

Collision deactivation

Question 54

In this process, molecules with electrons in excited states quickly lose excess vibrational energy to their surroundings.

Answer 54

Luminescence

Question 55

These may be made by using a spectrophotometer fitted with the appropriate attachments, or by using commercially available fluorometers

Answer 55

Fluorometric measurements

Question 56

Are considered branches of spectrometry in which transmitted or reflected light, respectively, is measured after radiant energy passes through a turbid solution or suspension.

Answer 56

Turbidimetry Nephelometry

Question 57

It is based on the measurements of the brightness of the light reflected by a cloud of finely divided particles suspended in a liquid.

Answer 57

Nephelometry

Question 58

These are used in official assays of the majority of antibiotics, calcium pantothenate, Vitamin B12, and other medicinal agents.

Answer 58

Turbidimetric methods

Question 59

The greater the turbidity (due to microbial growth) , the less the activity of antibiotics.

Answer 59

TRUEEEE

Question 60

The term used by the USP to designate solution turbidity

Answer 60

Turbidance S.

Question 61

It may be determined by the turbidimetric or nephelometric method.

Answer 61

Turbidance

Question 62

It may be defined as a process in which a solution of a mixture containing inert materials, drug principles, and impurities is separated into its components while moving through a bed of fixed porous solid having different and reversible affinities for the substances being separated.

Answer 62

Chromatography

Question 63

It is derived from the method’s original use in the separation of colored compounds on a suitable adsorbent.

Answer 63

Chromatography

Question 64

It is particularly useful as a means of separating and purifying complex and closely related chemical substances which are difficult to separate by classical methods

Answer 64

Chromatography

Question 65

The basic principles upon which chromatographic separation depends:

Answer 65

Adsorption Partition Ion exchange Molecular exclusion

Question 66

Examples of adsorbents commonly used in column chromatography

Answer 66

Purified siliceous earth Activated alumina Silica gel Calcium Carbonate

Question 67

In this commonly used provedure, the columb is washed with suitable solvent referred to as eluants.

Answer 67

Elution chromatography

Question 68

It brings out the separation of a mixture through a competitive process in which the molecules of tbe mobile phase compete with analyte molecules for polar adsorption sites on the adsorbent

Answer 68

Adsorption chromatography

Question 69

The chromatographic process when the mobile phase is a liquid

Answer 69

Liquid-Solid Chromatography

Question 70

Partition chromatography in which the mobile and the stationary phases are liquids

Answer 70

Liquid-Liquid Chromatography

Question 71

Each cell contains a pair of immiscible solvents (ether and water):

Answer 71

Lower phase (stationary phase) Upper phase (mobile phase)

Question 72

If the solid adsorbent is filter paper (cellulose), the process is referred to as

Answer 72

Paper Partition Chromatography

Question 73

3 main methods or procedures for the preparation of paper partition chromatograms:

Answer 73

descending chromatography ascending chromatography radial chromatography

Question 74

It is accomplished by allowing the mobile phase to flow downward on the paper strip

Answer 74

Descending Chromatography

Question 75

The mobile phase is allowed to rise upward on the paper by capillary attraction

Answer 75

Ascending Chromatography

Question 76

The mobile phase moves out in concentric circles from the center of a circular piece of paper.

Answer 76

Radial chromatography

Question 77

It is also based on the partition phenomenon, but as the name implies, the nonpolar solvent is fixed to the paper or solid column material and acts as the stationary phase, and a polar solvent is used as the mobile phase.

Answer 77

Reversed-phase chromatography

Question 78

Materials used to pack columns for use in this method are either cation or anion exchange resins.

Answer 78

Ion-exchange Chromatography

Question 79

They contain either Sulfonic Acid (-SO3H) or Carboxylic Acid (-COOH) groups in the Y position of the resinous structure.

Answer 79

Cationic exchangers

Question 80

The use of ion-exchange resin in the isolation of an alkaloid will be illustrated in the assay of papaverine hydrochloride

Answer 80

Ion-Exchange experiment

Question 81

It is also known as gel filtration or gel permcation chromatography It is defined as a separation procedure in which differential migration of solute molecules is based on molecular size.

Answer 81

Molecular Exclusion Chromatography

Question 82

It involves the spotting of a sample of a mixture of components at one end of an adsorbent-coated glass plate or other suitable support followed by passage of solvent.

Answer 82

Thin-layer Chromatography (TLC)

Question 83

It uses as the mobile phase an inert gas commonly called the carrier gas.

Answer 83

Gas Chromatography

Question 84

It is also referred to as the liquid substrate, usually consists of a high-boiling liquid which is used to coat granular particles (60 to 80 mesh) made of siliceous earth or firebrick.

Answer 84

Gas Chromatography

Question 85

The tube containing the coated particles and is mounted in the constant-temperature heating chamber of a GC apparatus.

Answer 85

Column

Question 86

Terms most frequently used to describe retention

Answer 86

Retention Time Retention Volume

Question 87

It deals with peak broadening and depends upon solvent, solute, temperature, flow rate, and sample size.

Answer 87

Column efficiency

Question 88

Column efficiency may be evaluated by conducting ___

Answer 88

Height Equivalent to a Theoretical Plate Measurement (HETP)

Question 89

It was introduced in distillation processes as a means of evaluating packed distillation column performance where there were no discrete plates.

Answer 89

HETP

Question 90

These are used to evaluate columns of different lengths and is the preferred measure when comparing column efficiency.

Answer 90

HETP values