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book Flashcards

1
Q

It is known to contain a mixture of colors found in the rainbow

A

White Light

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2
Q

Analytical methods based on the absorption of radiant energy

A

Absorptimetric methods

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3
Q

Absorptimetric methods which utilize the visible region of the spectrum

A

Colorimetric methods

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4
Q

Some of which are of great importance in medicine and pharmacy

A

Colorimetric methods

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5
Q

The color and intensity of the transmitted radiant energy are a measure of the concentration and are determined by comparison with a color chart, or more accurately, by this instrument.

A

Spectrophotometer

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6
Q

It is defined as the methods if analysis which deal with the measurement of spectra.

A

Spectrometry

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7
Q

It is the term used to define the complete system of energy propagated in wave form.

A

Electromagnetic spectrum

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8
Q

It refers to energy in the UV, Visible, and IR regions of the electromagnetic spectrum

A

Radiant energy

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9
Q

It is a branch of spectrometry which embraces the measurement of the absorption, by chemical species, of radiant energy of definite and narrow wavelength, approximating monochromatic radiation.

A

Spectrophotometry

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10
Q

It is the length of a complete wave or cycle, from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next

A

Wavelength

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11
Q

Range of wavelengths of UV

A

200-380 nm

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12
Q

Range of wavelengths of Visible

A

380-780 nm

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13
Q

Range of wavelengths of Near IR

A

780-3000 nm

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14
Q

Range of wavelengths of Medium IR

A

3.0 to 15 um

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15
Q

Range of wavelengths of Far IR

A

15 to 300 um

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16
Q

It may be defined as the number of wages per centimeter and is equal to 1/wavelength (cm)

A

Wavenumber

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17
Q

It may be defined as a functional group which absorbs radiant energy in the UV or Visible regions of the spectrum.

A

Chromophore

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18
Q

It may be defined as the number of comete cycles which pass a given point per second (cps).

It may also be expressed in Hertz

A

Frequency

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19
Q

It is a branch of spectrophotometry in which absorption measurement is made in the visible region of the spectrum:

A

Colorimetry

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20
Q

These are often used even though a compound to be analyzed absorbs in the UV REGION

A

Colorimetric methods

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21
Q

These are terms used to designate instruments which have a radiant energy-dispersing device, such as prism or grating, and the associated electronics which permit the measurement of wavelength and radiant power

A

Spectrophotometer and Spectrometer

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22
Q

Are terms used to designate instruments which have the necessary electronics to permit measurement of radiant power but which use a filter instead of a prism or diffraction grating for the purpose of increasing the sensitivity of the measurement

A

Colorimeter and Filter Photometer

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23
Q

This transition occurs in the UV and Visible regions

A

Electronic Energy Transitions

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24
Q

This transition occurs in the IR regions

A

Vibrational and Rotational Energy Transitions

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25
Q

Fundamental vibration in which the distance increases or decreases along the bond axis

A

Stretching

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26
Q

Fundamental Vibration in which a change in bond angles occur

A

Bending (deformation)

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27
Q

The region from 3.0 to 8.0 um is referred to as

A

Group Frequency Region

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28
Q

The 8.0 to 15 um region is referred to as

A

Fingerprint region

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29
Q

It states that the power of a transmitted radiant beam decreases exponentially as the concentration of the solution containing the absorbing chemical species increases arithmetically.

A

Beer’s Law

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30
Q

It states that a power of a transmitted radiant beam decreases exponentially as the thickness of solution containing the absorbing chemical increases arithmetically

A

Lambert’s or Bouguer’s Law

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31
Q

It is a combination of two laws and relates the power of the incident and transmitted radiant beams to the thickness and concentration of the solution containing the absorbing chemical species

A

Beer-Lambert or Beer-Bouguer Law

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32
Q

The ratio of the radiant power transmitted by the solution to the radiant power transmitted by the blank.

A

Transmittance

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33
Q

It is also called optical density, absorbancy, extinction coefficient

A

Absorbance

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34
Q

Concentration expressed jn grams of solute per liter of solution

A

Concentration

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35
Q

The value obtained by dividing the absorbance by the product of concentration, expressed in grams per liter, and the path length, expressed in cm

A

Absorptivity

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36
Q

The value obtained by dividing the absorbance by the product of the concentration of the solution, expressed in moles per liter, and the path length exposed in cm

A

Molar Absorptivity

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37
Q

The graph obtained when absorbance or any function of absorbance is plotted against wavelength

A

Absorption spectrum

38
Q

An example of null-balance manually operated instrument

A

Beckman DU-2 spectrophotometer

39
Q

An example of a direct-reading manually operated spectrophotometer

A

Bausch and Lomb Spectronic 20

40
Q

Spectral range of Bausch and Lomb spectrophotometer

A

340 to 950 nm

41
Q

It is intended to establish within limits that a product has uniform amounts of an active ingredient in batch preparations of pharmaceutical dosage forms such as capsules, tablets, suspensions, and sterile solids

A

Content Uniformity Test in the USP

42
Q

Are frequently used as identification tests for pharmaceutical substances.

A

Spectrometric absorption methods

43
Q

Most frequently used regions of EM spectrum in Spectrometric Absorption Methods

A

UV and IR regions

44
Q

It is the region most often applied for identification purposes

A

Medium IR region

45
Q

In the IR region of the EM spectrum, it cannot be used as a solvent because it strongly absorbs most of the IR radiation

A

Water

46
Q

In other IR (also UV) analyses, it is a technique used to obtain the absorbance value of the solute

A

Baseline technique

47
Q

It is used in the assay of lithium carbonate, USP XIX, an anti depressant agent

A

Flame spectroscopy

48
Q

Other elements used for the assay by the Flame spectroscopy technique

A

Potassium, Sodium, Calcium

49
Q

Most frequently used flame spectroscopic methods

A

Flame Emission Spectrophotometry
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

50
Q

It involves the measurement of light absorbed by metal atoms, and in this regard resembles conventional absorptimetric methods

A

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

51
Q

It is an emission phenomenon which may be explained as follows.

A

Fluorescence

52
Q

Two ways in which molecules revert to the ground state level

A

Collision deactivation (nonradiative process)
Luminescence (radiative process)

53
Q

In this process, the energy is lost as heat through collision of the molecules in the excited state with surrounding molecules in a solution.

A

Collision deactivation

54
Q

In this process, molecules with electrons in excited states quickly lose excess vibrational energy to their surroundings.

A

Luminescence

55
Q

These may be made by using a spectrophotometer fitted with the appropriate attachments, or by using commercially available fluorometers

A

Fluorometric measurements

56
Q

Are considered branches of spectrometry in which transmitted or reflected light, respectively, is measured after radiant energy passes through a turbid solution or suspension.

A

Turbidimetry
Nephelometry

57
Q

It is based on the measurements of the brightness of the light reflected by a cloud of finely divided particles
suspended in a liquid.

A

Nephelometry

58
Q

These are used in official assays of the majority of antibiotics, calcium pantothenate, Vitamin B12, and other medicinal agents.

A

Turbidimetric methods

59
Q

The greater the turbidity (due to microbial growth) , the less the activity of antibiotics.

A

TRUEEEE

60
Q

The term used by the USP to designate solution turbidity

A

Turbidance S.

61
Q

It may be determined by the turbidimetric or nephelometric method.

A

Turbidance

62
Q

It may be defined as a process in which a solution of a mixture containing inert materials, drug principles, and impurities is separated into its components while moving through a bed of fixed porous solid having different and reversible affinities for the substances being separated.

A

Chromatography

63
Q

It is derived from the method’s original use in the separation of colored compounds on a suitable adsorbent.

A

Chromatography

64
Q

It is particularly useful as a means of separating and purifying complex and closely related chemical substances which are difficult to separate by classical methods

A

Chromatography

65
Q

The basic principles upon which chromatographic separation depends:

A

Adsorption
Partition
Ion exchange
Molecular exclusion

66
Q

Examples of adsorbents commonly used in column chromatography

A

Purified siliceous earth
Activated alumina
Silica gel
Calcium Carbonate

67
Q

In this commonly used provedure, the columb is washed with suitable solvent referred to as eluants.

A

Elution chromatography

68
Q

It brings out the separation of a mixture through a competitive process in which the molecules of tbe mobile phase compete with analyte molecules for polar adsorption sites on the adsorbent

A

Adsorption chromatography

69
Q

The chromatographic process when the mobile phase is a liquid

A

Liquid-Solid Chromatography

70
Q

Partition chromatography in which the mobile and the stationary phases are liquids

A

Liquid-Liquid Chromatography

71
Q

Each cell contains a pair of immiscible
solvents (ether and water):

A

Lower phase (stationary phase)
Upper phase (mobile phase)

72
Q

If the solid adsorbent is filter paper (cellulose), the process is referred to as

A

Paper Partition Chromatography

73
Q

3 main methods or procedures for the preparation of paper partition chromatograms:

A

descending chromatography
ascending chromatography
radial chromatography

74
Q

It is accomplished by allowing the mobile phase to flow downward on the paper strip

A

Descending Chromatography

75
Q

The mobile phase is allowed to rise upward on the paper by capillary attraction

A

Ascending Chromatography

76
Q

The mobile phase moves out in concentric circles from the center of a circular piece of paper.

A

Radial chromatography

77
Q

It is also based on the partition phenomenon, but as the name implies, the nonpolar solvent is fixed to the paper or solid column material and acts as the stationary phase, and a polar solvent is used as the mobile phase.

A

Reversed-phase chromatography

78
Q

Materials used to pack columns for use in this method are either cation or anion exchange resins.

A

Ion-exchange Chromatography

79
Q

They contain either Sulfonic Acid (-SO3H) or Carboxylic Acid (-COOH) groups in the Y position of the resinous structure.

A

Cationic exchangers

80
Q

The use of ion-exchange resin in the isolation of an alkaloid will be illustrated in the assay of papaverine hydrochloride

A

Ion-Exchange experiment

81
Q

It is also known as gel filtration or gel permcation chromatography

It is defined as a separation procedure in which differential migration of solute molecules is based on molecular size.

A

Molecular Exclusion Chromatography

82
Q

It involves the spotting of a sample of a mixture of components at one end of an adsorbent-coated glass plate or other suitable support followed by passage of solvent.

A

Thin-layer Chromatography (TLC)

83
Q

It uses as the mobile phase an inert gas commonly called the carrier gas.

A

Gas Chromatography

84
Q

It is also referred to as the liquid substrate, usually consists of a high-boiling liquid which is used to coat granular particles (60 to 80 mesh) made of siliceous earth or firebrick.

A

Gas Chromatography

85
Q

The tube containing the coated particles and is mounted in the constant-temperature heating chamber of a GC apparatus.

A

Column

86
Q

Terms most frequently used to describe retention

A

Retention Time
Retention Volume

87
Q

It deals with peak broadening and depends upon solvent, solute, temperature, flow rate, and sample size.

A

Column efficiency

88
Q

Column efficiency may be evaluated by conducting ___

A

Height Equivalent to a Theoretical Plate Measurement (HETP)

89
Q

It was introduced in distillation processes as a means of evaluating packed distillation column performance where there were no discrete plates.

A

HETP

90
Q

These are used to evaluate columns of different lengths and is the preferred measure when comparing column efficiency.

A

HETP values

PA 2 (9 decks)

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