book 1 grammar Flashcards
이/가
are used to mark the grammatical subject in a sentence
PATTERN
Noun + 이 / 가
-이 is used when the noun ends with a consonant
-가 is used when the noun ends with a vowel
이/가 is used when talking about new information or something for the first time.
동네에 새로운 식당이 생겼어요. 그 식당은 인기가 많아요.
There is a new restaurant in my neighbourhood. The restaurant is very popular.
이/가 is used when talking about a specific thing.
그 남자가 나를 불렀어요.
That man called me.
은/는
은/는 are used to mark the topic in a sentence, showing what you are going to mainly talk about.
PATTERN
Noun + 은 / 는
-은 is used when the noun ends with a consonant
-는 is used when the noun ends with a vowel
PATTERN
Noun + 은 / 는
-은 is used when the noun ends with a consonant
-는 is used when the noun ends with a vowel
은/는 is used when talking about something you may already know.
동네에 새로운 식당이 생겼어요. 그 식당은 인기가 많아요.
There is a new restaurant in my neighbourhood. The restaurant is very popular.
은/는 is used when talking about general facts.
코끼리는코가 길어요.
An elephant has a long nose.
은/는 is used for contrast and comparisons
수지는키가 크고, 미나는키가 작아요.
Suji is tall but Mina is short
을/를
을/를 are used to indicate the object in a sentence.
PATTERN
Noun + 을 / 를
-을 is used when the noun ends with a consonant
-를 is used when the noun ends in a vowel
제니가 커피를 마셔요.
Jenny is drinking coffee
지민이가 영화를 봐요.
Jimin is watching a movie
에
에 (Place or time)
에 is a location particle, but it is not only used to mark locations. It means “at”, “to” and etc, and it can be used to mark a location, a time, a situation, and many other things.
Again, it is hard to translate these particles into English, but, “에” plays the role of the underlined words in the following sentences:
1) I went at 3pm
2) I went to the park
Sentences with a place/time can also have an object in them.
For example:
3) I ate hamburgers at 3pm
If I were to write those same sentence using Korean structure and particles, they would look like this:
1) I는 3pm에 went
2) I는 park에 went
3) I는 hamburgers을 3pm에 ate
In these cases, “at 3pm” or “to the park” act as adverbs (a word that tells you when, where, how, how much). There is no set place for an adverb within a sentence, and it can generally be placed anywhere (except the end).
에서
Location Particle ~에서
Learners of Korean are often very confused as to when they should use ~에서 instead of ~에, as they both denote places in Korean sentences. ~에서 is used to denote the location in which the subject is doing something in.
For example:
저는 학교에서 공부할 거예요 = I will study at school
저는 저의 친구를 병원에서 봤어요 = I saw my friend at the hospital
하고
and/ with”
They are used like a particle that is added to nouns without space.can be interchangeably used.
is used in more casual conversation than.
Conjugation
-하고
There is no conjugation rule for -하고. You just add -하고 to the noun without space.
Example:
한국어하고 영어 공부해요.
I study Korean and English.
*공부하다: to study
엄마하고 아빠가 보고 싶어요.
I want to see my mom and dad. (=I miss my mom and dad)
*엄마: mom, mother *아빠: dad, father *보다: to see, watch *-고 싶다: to want to-
-아/어 주세요,
-아/어 주세요, please do (something) for me.is used to ask for a favour from someone.
EXAMPLE SENTENCES:
이태원 가 주세요. Please take me to Itaewon.
문 좀 열어 주세요. Please open the door.
볼펜 좀 빌려 주세요. Please lend me a ballpoint pen.
Tip: Adding 좀 before 주세요 makes the speech more polite.
(으)세요
please do”
This ending, which can be thought of as the polite command ending, is actually just the honorific -시- added to the 해요체 form of a verb.
The basic 요 conjugation can be used as a request/command (i.e. 가요 = Go), but if you’re speaking politely to someone, it’s probably better to be more polite when telling them to do something.
That’s where this ending comes in!
To use ~으세요, first we need to look at the verb stem.
If the stem ends in a vowel, add ~세요.
If it ends in a 받침, add ~으세요.
Words with ㄹ 받침 add ~세요! (The ㄹ gets dropped before a ㅅ)
팔다 ⇒ 파세요 // Please sell.
Other irregulars do their irregular thing when they meet a vowel.
듣다 ⇒ 들으세요 // Please listen.
눕다 ⇒ 누우세요 // Please lie down. (ㅂ becomes 우, so then we just add ~세요)
고르다 ⇒ 고르세요 // Please choose. (no 받침, no ~으, no change)
(으)로
-(으)로 is used to indicate direction, method, cause, and status, and it can be translated ‘with’, ‘by’, ‘as’, ‘for’, or ‘to’. It seems very confusing, right?
Usage #1.
-(으)로 can mark a noun that is used as a method, ingredient, or a tool. This case –(으)로 is often translated as ‘with’, ‘by’, or ‘using~’
ex)
밀가루로 빵을 만들었어요.
I made bread with flour. (I made bread, using flour.)
*밀가루: flour *빵: bread *만들다: to make
-(으)로 is
4 different usages of -으로/로
Usage #1.
-(으)로 can mark a noun that is used as a method, ingredient, or a tool. This case –(으)로 is often translated as ‘with’, ‘by’, or ‘using~’
ex)
밀가루로 빵을 만들었어요.
I made bread with flour. (I made bread, using flour.)
*밀가루: flour *빵: bread *만들다: to make
이 파일은 이메일로 보내 주세요.
Please send this file by email. (Please send this file, using email)
*이: this *파일: file *이메일: e-mail *보내다: to send *Verb + 해주세요: please do Verb
Usage #2.
-(으)로 can mark the direction or place where someone is going. This case –(으)로 is often translated as ‘to’, or ‘towards’
Ex)
학교로 가요
I go to school.
*학교: school
Usage #3.
‘-으로’ can mark a cause of something that happens. This case –(으)로 is often translated as ‘from’, or ‘for’
Ex)
사고로 다쳤어요.
I got hurt from an accident.
*사고: accident *다치다: to get hurt
Usage #4.
‘-으로’ can mark the status or identity of a person doing something. This case –(으)로 is often translated as ‘as’
Ex)
저는 작년에 가수로 데뷔했어요.
I made a debut as a singer last year.
*작년: last year *가수: singer *데뷔하다: to make a debut
고 싶다
“want to do”
“V + 고 싶다” Korean grammar pattern is used to express one’s wishes or desires.
It is equivalent to ‘want to do..’ in English.
There are two structures of this grammar patterns:
1) V-고 싶다 - It is used if the subject is the first or second person.
EXAMPLE: 저는 불고기를 먹고 싶어요. (I want to eat bulgogi).
2) V-고 싶어하다- It is used if the subject is a third person.
EXAMPLE: 제 동생은 불고기를 먹고 싶어해요. (My sister wants to eat bulgogi).
(으)ㄹ까요
shall we
‘(으)ㄹ까요?’ is one of the most frequently used verb endings in Korea. It is usually translated as ‘Shall we do~?’ or ‘Do you think~?’. Now let’s check out how it is conjugated and the usages of it with example sentences!
How to conjugate ‘(으)ㄹ까요?’
Let’s see 3 rules for conjugating ‘(으)ㄹ까요?’.
Rule 1. When the verb stem ends with a final consonant, you add ‘을까요?’.
Ex)
먹다(to eat) -> 먹을까요?
Rule 2. When verb stem ends with a vowel, you add ‘ㄹ까요?’.
Ex)
가다(to go) -> 갈까요?
Rule 3. When verb stem ends with ‘ㄹ’, you just add ‘까요?’.
Ex)
팔다(to sell) -> 팔까요?
Usage #1. Used while suggesting doing something together.
When ‘(으)ㄹ까요?’ is used as this usage, it is translated as ‘Shall we ~?’. In this case, the subject is almost always ‘WE’.
Ex)
같이 먹을까요?
Shall we eat together?
*먹다: to eat
Usage #2. Used to ask someone’s opinion by showing curiosity.
‘(으)ㄹ까요?’ is also used to ask someone’s opinion and is translated as ‘Do you think~?’ or ‘I wonder~?’.
Ex)
진 씨가 식사를 할까요?
Do you think Jin is going to eat?
I wonder if Jin is going to eat.
*식사를 하다: to eat, to have a meal
Usage #3. When you take 저 or 나 (I/me) as a subject
When you take 저 or 나 (I/me) as a subject with ‘(으)ㄹ까요?’ verb ending, it is translated as ‘Shall I do~?’ or ‘Do you think I should do~?’.
Ex)
저 이거 살까요?
Do you think I should buy this?
*저: I(polite speech) *이거: this *사다: to buy
ㅡ(으)ㄹ래요
“shall we”
I will separate my explanation of ~ㄹ/을래(요) into four usages. Each usage has a slightly different feel so I think this separation is helpful. Notice that (unlike ~자 and ~ㅂ/읍시다) ~요 can be added to this ending to make it more formal. Let’s discuss these four usages.
Usage 1:
To ask if the listener would like to do an action together
In this usage, the speaker is asking if the listener would like to do an action together. The typical translation for this usage is “Shall we…” For example:
내일 공부하러 독서실에 갈래요? = Shall we go to the library tomorrow to study?
서울에 있는 공연을 보러 갈래요? = Shall we go to see the show in Seoul?
I feel that “Shall we…” is not a very common English expression. Although this is the most common translation for “ㄹ/을래요,” the following translation would also be acceptable:
내일 공부하러 독서실에 갈래요? = Would you like to go the library with me tomorrow to study?
서울에 있는 공연을 보러 갈래요? = Would you like to go to see the show with me in Seoul?
More examples:
장례식에 같이 갈래요? = Shall we go to the funeral together?
영화를 볼래요? = Shall we see a movie together?
저녁을 내일 먹을래요? = Shall we eat dinner together tomorrow?
회원을 모집해 볼래요? = Shall we try to recruit some members?
벌을 엄격하게 시행할래요? = Shall we enforce the punishment strictly?
경기를 내일까지 연기할래요? = Shall we delay the match until tomorrow?
영어숙어를 같이 외워 볼래? = Shall we try to memorize English idioms together?
It is also possible for this usage to be applied to a sentence that has a question word in it. The translation of “Shall we…” is usually appropriate in these sentences as well. For example:
언제 할래? = When shall/should we do it?
어디 갈래? = Where shall/should we go?
뭐 먹을래? = What shall/should we eat?
Usage 2
To ask if the listener would like if something happened
In this usage, the speaker typically threatens the listener with some sort of pain. The English equivalent of this would be something like:
“Do you want me to smack you?”
The two most common words that are used in this situation are:
맞을래? = Do you want to be hit? (Do you want me to hit you?)
죽을래? = Do you want to die? (Do you want me to kill you?)
Both of these are (usually) not used literally, and are simply empty threats from the speaker. These are typically used when the speaker becomes annoyed at somebody, and he/she can express her annoyance by threatening the person.
Usage 3
To ask if the listener can do something for the speaker
In this usage, ~ㄹ/을래(요) is typically attached to 주다 (either as a stand alone verb, or as ~아/어 주다 as you learned in Lesson 41). For example:
김치를 더 줄래요? = Can you give me more kimchi?
문을 닫아 줄래요? = Can you close the door?
ㅡ네요
“wow,oh”
Since 네요 ending is commonly used when you found out something new, its translation can be “Wow” or “Oh, now I see!”
It is used in many situations, right? It is also quite frequently used in daily conversations.
Let’s check out conjugations and how it is used in different situations with example sentences.
Conjugation
•Present tense
Verb stem + 네요.
Examples:
- 오다 -> 오네요
- 가다 -> 가네요
- 싸다 -> 싸네요
- 비싸다 -> 비싸네요
*오다: to come *가다: to go *싸다: to be cheap *비싸다: to be expensive
If the verb stem ends with ‘ㄹ’ final consonant, you drop ‘ㄹ’ and add -네요.
Example:
- 길다 -> 기네요
- 멀다 -> 머네요
*길다: to be long *멀다: to be far
NOTE: Even if the future tense with 네요 ending is ‘(으)ㄹ 거네요’, it is not really used. Korean people just use the present tense with 네요 even for future tense.
Ex) “내일 한국 가네요?”
“Oh, you will go to Korea tomorrow?”
*내일: tomorrow
•Adding after noun
A noun ending with a consonant, -이네(요) is added after the noun.
Examples:
- 학생 -> 학생이네요
- 선생님 -> 선생님이네요
- 겨울 -> 겨울이네요
*학생: student *선생님: teacher *겨울: winter
A noun ending with a vowel, -네(요) is added after the noun.
Examples:
- 의사 -> 의사네요
- 간호사 -> 간호사네요
- 목도리 -> 목도리네요
*의사: doctor *간호사: nurse *목도리: muffler
•Past tense
Past tense verb stem + 네요.
*You can get the past tense verb stem if you drop ‘어요’ from past tense verbs. For example, since the past tense of 자다 is 잤어요 (I slept), the past tense verb stem is ‘잤’.
Examples:
잤어요 -> 잤네요
살았어요 -> 살았네요
쌌네요 -> 쌌네요
*자다: to sleep *살다: to live *싸다: to be cheap
Now, let’s check out how -네요 ending is used in different situations with example sentences.
Example sentences
As I mentioned earlier -네요 ending can be used in many situations. Even if there are many situations where -네요 can be used, they share the basic principle!
-네요 ending is commonly used when you found out something new, so its translation can be “Wow” or “Oh, now I see!”.
•Surprise
Example:
매운 음식을 잘 드시네요?
Wow, you eat spicy food very well!
*매운: to be spicy *음식: food *잘: well *드시다: to eat(polite speech)
In this sentence, the speaker is surprised that the listener eats spicy food very well.
•Agreement
Example:
A: 오늘 엄청 춥죠?
A: It is really cold today, right?
B: 맞아요. 오늘 정말 춥네요.
B: Oh yeah, you’re right. It is really cold today.
*오늘: today *엄청: really, very *춥다: to be cold
In this sentence, A asks B “It is really cold today, right?” and B agrees with A that today is really cold.
•Admiration
Example:
A: 이 스카프 어때요?
A: How does this scarf look on me?
B: 엄청 잘 어울리네요!
B: Wow, It looks good on you!
*어떻다: to be how *잘 어울리다: to look good on
In this sentence, A asks B how the scarf looks on her, and B answers with admiration that it looks good on A.
•Unexpected counter, event, or state.
-(으)ㄹ 때
“When”
~ㄹ/을 때
때 can be used as the noun being described in the ~는 것 principle. When used like this, it indicates a specific moment in which something happens. The future tense form of ~는 (~ㄹ/을) is usually used to describe 때 in these cases. For example:
내가 밥을 먹을 때
This construction translates to something like “the time that I eat.”
The use of ~ㄹ/을 theoretically indicates that this is a time in the future. However, this form could be used to describe a general time (that doesn’t necessarily happen in the past, present or future), or to describe a time in the future. Depending on the context and the rest of the sentence, the construction above could be completed as:
내가 밥을 먹을 때 음악을 듣는 것을 좋아해 = When I eat I like to listen to music
내가 밥을 먹을 때 너에게 음식을 조금 줄 거야 = When I eat, I will give you some food
Also notice that (as you should know) when the subject of both clauses is the same, you don’t need to write the subject twice.
Below are many other examples:
저는 돈을 받을 때 행복할 거예요 = When I receive (the) money, I will be happy
뼈마디가 아플 때 이 약을 드세요 = When your joints hurt, take this medicine
당신의 눈을 응시할 때 가슴이 설레어요 = When I gaze into your eyes, my heart flutters
머리를 감을 때 비누로 해요 = When I wash my hair, I do it with soap
오랫동안 공부할 때 뇌가 아파요 = When I study for a long time, my brain hurts
대통령을 만날 때 저는 아주 예의가 바를 거예요
= When I meet the president I will be very polite
이 레인에서 운전할 때 앞에 있는 차를 앞지르지 마세요
= When you are driving in this lane, don’t pass the car in front of you
선생님이 여기에 계실 때 나는 선생님의 말을 듣기 시작할 거야
= When the teacher is here, I will start listening to him/her
뼈가 아플 때 고통을 버티려고 이 약을 먹어요
= When your bones are sore, in order to endure the pain, take this medicine
사람들이 곤충을 죽일 때 아무 느낌도 없어요
= People don’t feel anything when they kill insects
그 그림을 볼 때 배경이 무슨 의미가 있는지 생각해 보세요
= When you look at the painting, try to think about what meaning the background has
(으)러 가다
“in order”
Verb + (으)러 “ is used to express the motive, purpose or intention of the action.
It has the meaning of “ in order to do something “ and 가다, 오다 or 다니다 is always followed by the verb in the sentence.
When the verb stem ends with vowel or ㄹ then 러 가다/오다/다니다 has to be added.
When the verb stem ends with a consonant then 으러 가다/오다/다니다 has to be added.
In the case 1 when the verb stem ends with a consonant like 먹다 (to eat), 받다 (to receive) etc.
Remove 다 and add 으러
It becomes -
먹으러 In order to eat
받으러 In order to receive
In case case 2 when the verb stem ends with a vowel like 보내다 (to send), 주다 (to give) etc.
Remove 다 and add 러
It becomes -
보내러 In order to send
주러 In order to give
EXAMPLE SENTENCES
Let’s see some example sentences :
우리는 쇼핑하러 명동에 갈 거예요.
We are going to Myeongdong to shop.
밥 먹으러 가는 거 어때 ?
How about going for a meal ?
한국어를 배우러 온 게 아닌가요?
Aren’t you here to learn Korean?
의사 선생님 만나러 다녀올게.
I’ll go see the doctor.
책을 반납하러 왔습니다.
I’m here to return your books.
Notice how 가다, 오다 or 다니다 is always added after the verb + (으)러 form of grammar.
아/어 보다
“try”
It expresses trying out or experiencing an action. It is equivalent to ‘try’ in English.
When using it in a present tense it expresses trying something but when using it in past tense it expresses having the experience of doing something.
V + 아 보다 is used when the verb stem ends with ㅗ or ㅏ
V + 어 보다 is used when the verb stem ends with vowels other than ㅗ or ㅏ
When verb ends with 하, the form changes to 해보다.
1) Regarding the ‘아 보다’ conjugation information, remove ‘다’ from basic form of the verb, if the verb stem ends with ㅗ or ㅏ, attach ‘아 보다 ’ after the verb stem.
Example sentences :
제가 한번 읽어볼까요? - May I try to read it?
제가 한번 해 볼게요. - I will try to do it.
저는 부산에 가 봤어요. - I have been to Busan.
2) Regarding the ‘어 보다’ conjugation information, remove ‘다’ from basic form of the verb, if the verb stem ends with vowel other than ㅗ or ㅏ, attach ‘어 보다 ’ after the verb stem.
Example sentences :
저는 이 노래를 들어 봤어요. - I have listened to this song.
한번만 이 책 읽어봐. - Read this book once.
맛있다 ! 이거 먹어 봐요. - Delicious ! Try this once.
NOTE :
The verb which end with 하다 change it to 해보다. For eg : 공부하다 becomes 공부 해보다
