Bones of the upper limb Flashcards
What is the fxn of the pectoral girdle and what bones compose it
Fxn: attach upper limbs to the axial skeleton Composed of: clavicle and scapula
What is the fxn of the clavicle
to transmit mech force from the upper limb to the trunk
True or False the clavicle is one of the most frequently broken bones of the body
True
What portion of the clavicle is typically the site of the fx
the junction of the curves
What are the 2 ends of the clavicle
the acromial extremity and the sternal extremity
Describe the conoid tubercle
site of attachment of the coracoclavicular ligament
coracoclavicular ligament attaches the
conoid process to the coracoid process of the clavicle
How is the scapula held in place posteriorly
only by shoulder and back muscles
Describe the acromion
part of the scapula that is the most superior portion the scapula
Describe the glenoid cavity
part of the scapula that accepts the head of the humerus
Name the 3 edges of the scapula and describe them
- Medial (vertebral) border= edge closer to the vertebral column
- Lateral (axial) border= edge closer to the arm
- Superior border= edge with the acromion process
What is the area called where the medial and lateral border meet
the inferior angle
What is the area called where the medial and superior border of the scapula meet
the superior angle
What is the scapular notch and why is it important
It is indentation on the superior portion of the scapula
fxn: allow passage of the suprascapular nerve
What 3 muscles and 3 ligaments attach at the coracoid process of the scapula
Muscles: pectoralis minor, biceps brachii , coracobrachialis
Ligaments: coracoacromial, conoid, trapezoid
What are the 3 fossas of the scapula
Anterior surface: subscapular fossa
Posterior surface: supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa
What separates the supraspinous fossa and the infraspinous process
the spine of the scapula
Describe the superior transverse scapular ligament
Ligament that crosses over the scapular notch and transforms into foramen
- the suprascapular nerve travels under the ligament
- the suprascapular artery travels over the ligament
Mnemonic: a navy (nerve) travels under a bridge, an army (artery) travels over a bridge
Describe suprascapular neuritis
What: entrapment of suprascapular nerve (often in the suprascapular notch)
How: from overuse of the arm and excessive traction
Signs/symptoms: C5/C6 dermatome pain that is reproducible with direct pressure over the notch
Can cause: wasting of the supraspinous and infraspinatus muscles
Name the 3 articulations of the pectoral girdle
- sternoclavicular joint
- acromioclavicular joint
- glenohumeral joint
What articulation of the pectoral girdle is the only true synovial joint that connects the pectoral girdle to the ribcage
the sternoclavicular joint
What 2 ligaments stabilize the acromioclavicular joint
- The acromioclavicular ligament
2. The trapezoid +conoid ligament= coracoclavicular ligament
What joint is created by the humerus and the glenoid cavity
the glenohumeral joint
Name the 2 tubercles of the proximal humerus
- Greater tubercles
2. Lesser tubercles
Describe the anatomical neck of the humerus
area located between head of the and the greater/lesser tubercles, it is the site of the articular capsule
Describe the surgical neck of the humerus
narrowing of the humerus just distal to the greater and lesser tubercles.
It is were the humerus is frequently Fx
Describe the intertubercular sulcus
groove between the greater and lesser tubercles , it contains the head of the biceps brachii muscle
Describe the deltoid tuberosity
area in the middle of the humerus shaft were the deltoid inserts
Describe the capitulum
the rounded lateral end of the humerus that articulates w/ radius
Describe the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
the most lateral end of the distal portion of the humerus, where the lateral supracondylar ridge ends
Describe the trochlea
the indented medial portion of the distal humerus that articulates w/ the ulna
Describe the medial epicondyle of the humerus
the most medial end of the distal portion of the humerus, where the medial supracondylar ridge ends
What are the depressions on the anterior side of the humerus, where exactly are they located and what are they there for.
The radial fossa= proximal (above) to the capitulum, it contains part of the radius during flexion
The coronoid fossa= proximal (above) to the trochlea, it contains the coronoid process of the ulnar
What is the depression on the posterior side of the humerus and what is it there for
The olecranon fossa= it receives the olecranon process of the ulna when the forearm is extended
Define impact fx
1 fragment of bone is driven into the spongy bone of another fragment
-tend to be stable, arm is passively moveable, limited pain
Define transverse fx
fx that crosses the bone
- caused by direct blow
- if humerus is fracted the proximal fragment is pulled laterally
Define avulsion fx
fx that occurs when a ligament or tendon attached to bone pulls away part of the bone
- usually result from a fall
- repaired by open reduction and screws
A fx at the surgical neck of the humerus is associated with damage to what nerve
axillary nerve
A fx at the shaft/radial groove of the humerus is associated with damage to what nerve
radial nerve
A fx at the distal end of the humerus is associated with damage to what nerve
median nerve
A fx at the medial epicondyle of the humerus is associated with damage to what nerve
ulnar nerve
Name the 2 bones of the forearm and briefly describe them
- Ulna= pinky side, it is the stabilizing bone of the forearm.
- Radius= thumb side, it is the shorter movable bone
What is the name of the proximal end of the ulna that forms the prominence of the elbow
olecranon
What is the name of the area on the ulnar that receives the trochlea of the humerus
the trochlear notch
What is the name of the area distal to the trochlear notch of the proximal end of the ulna
the olecranon
What is the area of the ulna that receives the head of the radius
radial notch
Describe the ulnar tuberosity
area just distal/inferior to the coronoid process were the brachialis muscle inserts
Where is the head of the ulna
at the distal end closets to the wrist
What part of the radius articulates with the capitulum
the head of the radius
Where is the radial tuberosity and what attaches here
roughened area inferior distal to the neck of the radius where the biceps brachii attaches
Describe the radial styloid process
on the lateral side of the radius, it is the insertion for the brachioradialis muscle and where the radial collateral ligament of the wrist attaches
Describe the interosseous membrane
broad flat fibrous connection between the shafts of the radius and ulna where some deep muscles of the forearm originate
How many radioulnar articulations are there
2= proximal and distal radioulnar joints
Describe the distal tubercle of the radius
aka listers tubrcle
small prominence on the distal dorsal (palmer) aspect of the radius that the tendon of the extensor pollices uses as a pulley
What are the 8 carpal bones and a Mnemonic for remembering them
Proximal medial then distal medial
Some= scaphoid
Lovers=lunate
Try=triquetrum
Positions= pea shaped
That=trapezium
They=trapezoid
Cannot=capitate
Handle=hamate
True or false the ulnar participates in the wrist joint
False
What proximal carpal bone does not articulate with the radius and what is its fxn
Pisiform acts as a sesamoid bone increasing the leverage of the flexor carpi ulnaris
How many metacarpals are there on each hand
5
Where does numbering of the metacarpals begin
1 is proximal to the thumb
How many phalanges are there on each had
14 total
3 per finger
2 per thumb
