Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton

Question 1

Axial Skeleton

Answer 1

Skull, mandible, ribs, sternum, vertebra

Question 2

Appendicular Skeleton

Answer 2

Girdle and limb bones

Question 3

What does appendage include? What does limb include?

Answer 3

Appendage= includes both shoulder girdle and limb

Limb- only includes limb, not shoulder

Question 4

What are the different bone classifications by shape? Give examples

Answer 4

• long (ex. humerus. Work as levers)
• short (ex. wrist shock absorbers)
• flat (ex. scapula)
• irregular (ex. spine)
• sesamoid (ex. patella)

Question 5

Long bone structure components

Answer 5

• Epiphysis (x2)
• Physis or epiphyseal plate (x2)
• Metaphysis (x2)
• Diaphysis

Question 6

Physis or epiphyseal plate

Answer 6

• Growth plate
• It doesn’t always close in mammals but it does close in common domestic mammals and humans when they are done growing.

Question 7

What is the purpose of the Appendicular adaptations in Cursorial mammals?

Answer 7

All increase stride lengths allowing for faster and better movement. This benefits both predators and prey in making them better at catching prey or running away from predators.

Question 7

What are the appendicular adaptations in cursorial mammals?

Answer 7

1. Reduced or absent clavicles
2. Elongated distal limb bones
3. Digitgrade or unguligrade posture (run on toes or nails)
4. Fused, reduced, and/or absent limb bones
5. Proximal concentrations of muscle mass

Question 8

Bones of the thoracic appendage

Answer 8

1. Scapula
2. Clavicle (very reduced in dogs and cats; does not attach to bone)
3. Humerus
4. Radius
5. Ulna
6. Manus (carpus, metacarpus, digits)

Question 9

Bones of the pelvic appendage

Answer 9

1. Ilium
2. Ischium
3. Pubis
4. Femur
5. Tibia
6. Fibula
7. Pes (Tarsus, metatarsus, digits)

Question 10

What is the hook and pin?

Answer 10

Hook= coxal tuber
Pin= ischial tuber

Question 11

Palpable bony landmarks and radiographic landmarks of the scapula

Answer 11

Palpable
1. Cranial border
2. Caudal border
3. Dorsal borer
4. Spine
5. Acromion

Radiographic
1. Glenoid cavity
2. Spine
3. Acromion
4. Supraglenoid tubercle

Question 12

Palpable bony landmarks and radiographic landmarks of the humerus

Answer 12

Palpable
1. Greater tubercle (point of shoulder)
2. Lateral epicondyle
3. Medial epicondyle

Radiographic
1. Greater tubercle (point of shoulder)
2. Lesser tubercle
3. Lateral epicondyle
4. Medial epicondyle

Question 13

Palpable bony and radiographic landmarks of the ulna

Answer 13

Palpable
1. Olecranon tuber (point of elbow)
2. Styloid process

Radiographic
1. Olecranon tuber (point of the elbow)
2. Anconeal process
3. Medial Coronoid process
4. Styloid process

Question 14

Palpable bony and radiographic landmarks of the radius

Answer 14

1. Styloid process

Question 15

Palpable bony and radiographic landmarks of the os coxae

Answer 15

Palpable
1. Iliac crest
2. Tuber coxae (point of hip)
3. Ischiatic tuberosity or ischial tuber

Radiographic
1. Iliac crest
2. Tuber coxae
3. Tuber sacrale
4. Acetabulum
5. Obturator foraman
6. Ischiatic tuberosity
7. ischial arch or ischiatic

Question 16

Palpable bony and radiographic landmarks of the femur

Answer 16

Palpable
1. greater trochanter
2. Lateral condyle
3. Medial condyle

Radiographic
1. greater trochanter
2. lesser trochanter
3. trochlea
4. lateral condyle
5. medial condyle

Question 17

Palpable bony and radiographic landmarks of the tibia

Answer 17

Palpable
1. Tibial tuberosity

Radiographic
1. tibial tuberosity
2. lateral condyle
3. medial condyle
4. medial mallolus

Question 18

Palpable bony and radiographic landmarks of the fibula

Answer 18

Palpable
1. Head

Radiographic
1. Head
2. Lateral malleolus

Question 19

Palpable bony and radiographic landmarks of the Calcaneus

Answer 19

1. Tuber calcanei or calcaneal tuberosity (point of the hock)