Bones, Muscles, Joints Flashcards
Two divisions of the skeleton:
Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
Seven classes of bones:
Long bones, irregular bones, short bones, pneumatic bones, heterotropic or splanchic bones, flat bones, sesamoid bones
Growth plate is made up of:
Epiphysial cartilage
Woven bone between the growth plate and diaphysis:
Metaphysis
Osteochondrisis dessicans
Caused by failure of normal cartilage formation of leaving a flap of cartilage on bone. Most commonly and shoulder, elbow, and stifle joint. It is caused by incomplete calcification.
Any muscle that produces a certain effect.
Agonist
The muscle which produces the opposite action to counteract the agonist.
Antagonist
Support agonist action and eliminate unwanted effects.
Synergist
Stabilizes a joint
Fixator
Surrounds entire muscle
Epimysium
Surrounds a bundle of muscle fibers
Perimysium
Surrounds individual muscle fibers
Endomysium
Fleshy contractile part of muscle
Muscle belly
More fixed, least movable, usually proximal attachment
Origin
More movable, usually distal attachment
Insertion
Band of dense regular tissue binding down muscle tendons as they pass over bone surfaces
Retinaculum
Synovial membrane intercalated between tendon and bone
Bursa
Synovial membrane wrapped around a tendon as it passes over bone
Synovial sheet
Attaches bone to muscle
Tendon
Flat, wide, thin sheet of tissue serving as muscle attachment
Aponeurosis
Movement of one bone in relation to another such that the angle of the joint is reduced
Flexion
Movement of one bone in relation to another such that the angle formed by the joint is increased
Extension
Movement away from the median plane
Abduction
Movement toward the median plane
Adduction
Movement of a part in a circular motion as outlining the surface of the cone but not involving entire long axis of bone
Circumduction
Movement of a part around it’s long axis, direction of rotation is designated by the direction of movement of the cranial or dorsal surface; involves entire long axis of bone
Rotation
Occurs where bones are united with dense connective tissue
Fibrous joints
Occurs where bones are united by cartilage
Cartilaginous joints
Complex and bones are separated by fluid filled cavity
Synovial joint
Most synovial joints are highly movable and described as:
Diathrosis
Most fibrous and cartilaginous joints are rigid and relatively immobile and are described as:
Synarthrosis
Fibrous layer of joint capsule may form thickenings that stable the joint and are called:
Collateral ligaments
Connect bone to bone in order to stabilize joints and prevent unwarranted movement
Ligament
General functions of bones:
Provide form and support to the body. Protect soft tissues. Act as levers to facilitate locomotion. Have a role in blood cell formation. Maintain mineral homeostasis.
What are the three components of bones?
Organic: type I collagen (provides strength and flexibility) 10% of bone mass
Inorganic: hydroxyapatite (provides hardness of bone); small amounts of magnesium, sodium, and bicarbonate; 65% of bone mass
Water: 25% of bone mass
Name the three different types of postures:
1) plantigrade
2) digitigrade
3) unguligrade
Plantigrade:
carpal bones (tarsal) in contact with the ground and entire carpus (tarsus) is used for support–tend to be slower
Examples: humans, alligator, armadillo, bear
Digitigrade:
digits only are used for support
Examples: cats, dogs, birds
Unguligrade:
only the terminal phalanges give support–adaptation for speed
Example: cow, horse pig
