Bones, Joints and Bone Disease Flashcards
What is osteoarthritis and how does it appear?
Osteoarthritis – breakdown of joint cartilage, feels stiff and painful caused by mechanical stress and low grade inflammation.
Decreased joint space, osteophyte formation, bony cysts hat look black and sclerosis which is hardening of bone that looks white.
What is Rheumatoid Arthritis and how does it present
Rheumatoid Arthritis – autoimmune disease resulting in joint being attacked and thickening of the joint capsule (most common in fingers).
Narrowing of the joint space, bony erosions, gross deformities, pannus (granulation tissue which erodes cartilage and is replaced with fibrous tissue which ossifies.
What is Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis – Reduced volume of bone so that is no longer provides proper structure and support, particularly loss of trabecular bone, type one is postmenopausal women whilst type 2 is general.
Describe the difference between Rickets and Osteomalacia.
Ricketts and Osteomalacia – vitamin D deficiency so insufficient calcium uptake and so soft malformed bones. In kids – bowed and lack of growth of bone, in adults – weaker bones the bow over time. Bone pain and muscle weakness due to problems at the attachment site.
What is Paget’s Disease of Bone?
Paget’s disease of bone – excessive breakdown and formation of bone causing enlarged, weak and misshapen bones, can be genetic or viral.
Describe the function of bone and the different types of bone?
Function of bone: support, protection, movement, storage and Haemopoiesis. 5 Classification of bones: long, short, flat, sesamoid, irregular and sutural.
Describe the structure of long bone
Long bone structure: outside lined by periosteum, inside by endosteum. Middle of the bone is hollow known as the medullary cavity and filled with bone marrow (red in children, yellow in adults).
How does the structure of non long bones differ from long bones.
Other bones don’t have a medullary cavity and instead a lot of spongy trabeculae. They have a periosteum but no diaphysis, metaphysis or epiphysis.
Describe the blood supply to a bone.
Blood supply – nutrient arteries flow through nutrient foramen in the diaphysis, periosteal arteries supply the periosteum, some bones have metaphyseal arteries and epiphyseal arteries (these do not cross over the growth plate).
What is avascular necrosis and what else is it sometimes called?
Avascular necrosis (also called aseptic necrosis, osteonecrosis, ischaemic necrosis) death due to loss of blood supply, leads to secondary osteoarthritis.
What are the 3 functional joint types
3 functional joint types: Synarthrosis (immovable), amphiarthrosis (partially movable) and Diarthrosis (movable).
What are the 3 structural joint types?
Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial
Describe fibrous joints and give examples
Fibrous joints – no synovial cavity, bones separate dense irregular connective tissue and little movement if any, 3 variations of this – suture (plates in the head), syndesmosis (greater gap and more connective tissue) example being sacroiliac joint, finally Gomphosis (teeth).
Describe cartilagenous joints and give examples
Cartilaginous joints connect bone tightly by hyaline (Synchondrosis such as epiphyseal growth plate) or Fibroelastic cartilage (symphysis such as the pubic symphysis), again little movement if any.
Describe synovial joints structure including the function of synovial fluid.
Synovial joints – articular cartilage lines the articular surfaces (avascular), synovial cavity containing synovial fluid separates the bones this is surrounded by the synovial membrane (areolar connective tissue) which is highly vascularised (may also contain fat pads within the membrane).
Fibrous capsule surrounds all this it has a poor blood supply and is made from interwoven collagen strands forming ligaments.
Synovial fluid is slightly alkaline and formed from hyaluronic acid, lubricin, proteinase and collagenase, it functions as a lubricant, shock absorber and providing nutrients and removing waste.
Bursa are sacs lined with a synovial fluid such as those surrounding tendons in the hands.
