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Anatomy > Bones & Gluteal region > Flashcards

Bones & Gluteal region Flashcards

1
Q

What three bones form the acetabulum?

A

Ilium, ischium, pubis

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2
Q

What are the three gluteal lines? What region of the ilium are they located? What muscles originate from these lines?

A

Posterior, anterior, and inferior gluteal lines
They are located on the ala (posterior side of ilium)
Gluteal muscles originate from these lines

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3
Q

What part of the ilium is thick and what part is thin?

A

Thick- medial body

Thin- Lateral ala (PSIS, ASIS, AIIS, PIIS)

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4
Q

What muscle originates on the iliac fossa?

A

Iliacus (hip flexor)

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5
Q

What two features is the ischial spine located between?

A

Lower border of greater sciatic notch and upper border of lesser sciatic notch

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6
Q

What is the ischial tuberosity located under? What is clinically significant about this landmark?

A

Located under lower border of lesser sciatic notch

it is what bears weight when sitting

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7
Q

The ischial ramus makes up what border of the obturator foramen

A

Inferior/lateral border

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8
Q

The ischial ramus joins what other ramus

A

ramus of pubis

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9
Q

both pubis bones medial bodies articulate at what point

A

pubis symphysis

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10
Q

What pubis landmark makes up the anterior portion of the acetabulum?

A

Superior rami

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11
Q

What pubis landmark makes up the inferior/medial border of the acetabulum?

A

Inferior rami

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12
Q

What is the acetabular notch also called?

A

chipped cup

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13
Q

What is the obturator foramen covered by?

A

obturator membrane and muscles

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14
Q

Where does the sacrotuberous ligament originate and insert on? What does it turn the sciatic notch into?

A

Origin: posterior ilium, lateral sacrum, and coccyx
Insertion: ischial tuberosity
Turns it into sciatic foramen

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15
Q

Where does the sacrospinous ligament originate and insert? What does it subdivide the sciatic foramen into?

A

Origin- lateral sacrum and coccyx
insertion: ischial spine
subdivides foramen into greater & lesser sciatic foramina

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16
Q

Where is the greater sciatic foramen located and what is it a passageway for?

A

between true pelvis and gluteal region

passageway for neurovascular structures

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17
Q

Where is the lesser sciatic foramen located?

A

between gluteal region & perineum

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18
Q

What is the weakest part of the femur?

A

The neck

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19
Q

What bone is the longest & heaviest of the body?

A

femur

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20
Q

What type of bone is the patella? where is it found?

A

sesamoid

within quadriceps tendon (O- femur/I- tibia)

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21
Q

What is the function of the patella?

A

To protect the quadriceps tendon when kneeling

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22
Q

What is the angle of inclination on the femur? What is clinically important about this angle? What happens with this angle as we get older?

A

It is the head/neck angle in relation to the shaft (125 degrees)
Advantages for bipedal walking/repositions line of gravity in proportion to knee
The angle decreases with age

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23
Q

What is the angle of declination on the femur? What movements does this angle allow for?

A

It is the head/neck angle in relation to condyles (7-12 degrees)
Rotation, adduction, abduction, flexion, extension

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24
Q

What muscle inserts on the lesser trochanter of the femur?

A

iliopsoas

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25
Q

What sides of the femur are the intertrochanteric line and crest?

A

line is anterior; crest is posterior

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26
Q

What muscles insert on the linea aspera?

A

adductors

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27
Q

What direction is the femoral shaft?

A

convex anteriorly

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28
Q

What are the three lips of the posterior femur?

A

1) . Medial lip, to spiral line, to intertrochanteric line
2) . Lateral lip to gluteal tuberosity
3) . Intermediate lip (pectineal line) to lesser trochanter

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29
Q

What are the two lines on the posterior femur branching from the popliteal surface?

A

Medial and lateral supracondylar lines

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30
Q

What is the function of the medial & lateral condyles? What are they separated by?

A

They allow tibial condyles to glide

Separated by intercondylar fossa

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31
Q

What is superior to the femur medial epicondyle? What muscle attaches to this feature?

A

the adductor tubercle

Adductor magnus inserts on this tubercle

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32
Q

What is significant about Gerdy’s tubercle?

A

it is where the iliotibial tract inserts (anterior)

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33
Q

What three things make up the triangular shaft?

A

anterior tibial tuberosity
Lateral interosseous membrane
posterior soleal line

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34
Q

What attaches to the anterior tibial tuberosity?

A

patellar ligament (knee reflex)

35
Q

What bone does the medial malleolus articulate with?

A

Talus

36
Q

What can be compressed on the fibular head? Why is this clinically significant?

A

The common fibular nerve can be compressed

this causes foot drop, which is commonly seen in bed ridden patients

37
Q

What does the talus transmit weight to?

A

calcaneus and metatarsals

38
Q

What tarsal is the only one to not have any muscle attachments?

A

Talus

39
Q

What two bones make up the Hindfoot?

A

Talus and calcaneus

40
Q

What are the two longitudinal arches of the foot?

A

medial and lateral

41
Q

What bone is the keystone of the medial longitudinal arch?

A

talus

42
Q

What tendon lays in the groove on the talus body

A

flexor hallucis longus

43
Q

What does the calcaneus transmit weight to?

A

transmits weight to the ground through calcaneal tuberosity

44
Q

What are the two functions of the shelf-like medial sustentaculum tali?

A

1) . supports head of talus

2) . pulley for flexor hallucis longus

45
Q

What is the function of the calcaneus’s lateral fibular trochlea?

A

Pulley for fibularis longus & brevis

46
Q

What inserts on the calcaneus

A

calcaneal (Achilles) tendon

47
Q

What five muscles give the calcaneus dynamic support?

A

Tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, fibularis longus, intrinsic plantar muscles

48
Q

What are the four layers of passive support to the calcaneus?

A

plantar aponeurosis, short plantar ligament, long plantar ligament, plantar calcaneonavicular ligament

49
Q

What longitudinal arch is the navicular apart of?

A

medial

50
Q

What longitudinal arch is the cuboid apart of?

A

lateral

51
Q

What longitudinal arch are the cuneiforms apart of?

A

medial

52
Q

What muscle runs through the cuboid groove?

A

fibularis longus

53
Q

What muscle attaches to the inferior navicular process?

A

tibialis posterior

54
Q

What metatarsal is the shortest/widest? Which one is the longest? which one articulates with the cuboid bone? Which on articulates with cuneiforms?

A

1st; 2nd; 4th and 5th. 1st through 3rd

55
Q

What feature of the 5th metatarsal overlaps the cuboid?

A

Proximal tuberosity

56
Q

Describe the idea of transition zone for the gluteal region?

A

Transition zone between posterior trunk and lower limb
trunk- physically
lower limb- functionally

57
Q

What are the seven nerves of the sacral plexus? What spinal cord levels is this at?

A

sciatic, pudendal, superior gluteal, inferior gluteal, nerve to quadratus femoris, nerve to obturator internus, posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
ventral rami of L4-S4

58
Q

What are the four superficial muscles of the gluteal region?

A

Gluteus maximus, medius, minimus

Tensor fasciae latae

59
Q

What is the largest & heaviest muscle of the gluteal region superficial muscles?

A

gluteus maximus

60
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the gluteus maximus? What is its 2 movements? What nerve innervates it

A

O: ilium (posterior to posterior gluteal line) & sacrotuberous ligament
I: iliotibial tract (75%) and gluteal tuberosity (25%) of femur
extends, laterally rotates thigh
innervated by inferior gluteal nerve

61
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the tensor fasciae latae? What are its three movements? what nerve innervates it? what position is it best observed in?

A

O: ASIS; anterior iliac crest
I: iliotibial tract (tibial tubercle/gerdy runs superficial to linea aspera of lateral intermuscular septum)
flexes, abducts, medially rotates thigh (all weakly)
superior gluteal nerve
supine position

62
Q

What are the three compartments of the fascia lata? What divides the compartments? What are the weakest septa?

A

anterior, posterior, and medial
intermuscular septa (which extends to linea aspera)
postero & antero-medial septa

63
Q

What is the IT band a lateral thickening of? what does it share an aponeurosis of? what does it extend to? what is it fixed to?

A

fascia latae
aponeurosis of gluteus maximus and tensor fasciae latae
extends to anterolateral tibial plateau (inserts on Gerdy tubercle)
fixed to linea aspera via lateral intermuscular septum

64
Q

What is the origin and insertion of gluteus medius?

A

O: between anterior and posterior gluteal lines
I: greater trochanter

65
Q

What is the origin and insertion of gluteus minimus?

A

O: between anterior and inferior gluteal lines
I: greater trochanter

66
Q

What are the 2 actions of gluteus minimus and medius? what nerve innervates them?

A

abduct and medially rotate thigh

superior gluteal nerve

67
Q

What are the five muscles of the deep group- gluteal region?

A

piriformis
obturator internus
superior and inferior gamelli
quadratus femoris

68
Q

What is o and I of piriformis? what does it leave pelvis via? what is its movement? what two vessels lie above and below it?

A 
O: anterior sacral surface 
I: greater trochanter
via greater sciatic foramen
laterally rotates thigh
superior gluteal artery and nerve above
inferior gluteal artery and nerve below
69
Q

What are the three muscles of the triceps coxae?

A

obturator internus, superior and inferior gamellus

70
Q

origin and insertion of obturator internus. what nerve innervates it. where does it leave the pelvis

A

o- pelvic surface of obturator membrane
I- intertrochanteric fossa
nerve to obturator internus
via lesser sciatic foramen

71
Q

o and I of superior gamellus. what nerve innervates it

A

o- ischial spine
I- intertrochanteric fossa
nerve to obturator internus

72
Q

o and I of inferior gamellus. what nerve innervates it

A

o- ischial tuberosity
I- intertrochanteric fossa
nerve to quadratus femoris

73
Q

What is the action of the triceps coxae? what is it incapable of doing

A

laterally rotates thigh

independent action

74
Q

o and I of quadratus femoris. what is its movement and what nerve innervates it

A

o- ischial tuberosity
I- intertrochanteric crest
laterally rotates thigh
nerve to quadratus femoris

75
Q

What is the action of the obturator externus? what direction on the thigh is this muscle

A

lateral rotation

medial thigh

76
Q

what structure do the gluteal arteries and branches of internal iliac exit

A

greater sciatic foramen

77
Q

What is the vasculature inferior to piriformis, medial to lateral (seven things)

A

pudendal nerve, internal pudendal artery, nerve to obturator internus, inferior gluteal artery and nerve, posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh, sciatic (nerve to quadratus femoris is deep)

78
Q

What are the two divisions of the sciatic nerve? what are the variations of this nerve and percentage

A

tibial and common fibular
85%- common fibular is inferior to piriformis (divisions separate in posterior thigh)
15%- common fibular through or superior to piriformis (divisions separate in pelvis)

79
Q

What are the three types of femoral fractures?

A

Transcervical, intertrochanteric, intracapsular (all are unstable)

80
Q

Which is the worst femoral fracture and why?

A

intracapsular- avascular necrosis risk and hip arthroplasty

81
Q

What is the best place to do a gluteal injection

A

upper outer quadrant (under summit of iliac crest and above superior gluteal nerve on gluteus maximus)

82
Q

What are the bony landmarks you want to avoid during a gluteal injection?

A

greater trochanter
PSIS (skin dimple)- gluteus medius
ASIS - tensor fasciae latae
(thickest part of region is unsafe)

83
Q

What is a varus deformity? explain cox varum and genu varum

A

distal element of a bone/joint deviates midline
cox- femur, decreased angle of inclination (limb shortening)
genu- tibial, “bowlegged”, stresses medial knee joint

84
Q

what is a valgus deformity? explain cox, genu, and hallux valgus

A

distal element of a bone/joint deviates from midline
cox- hip, increased angle of inclination, limb lengthening
genu- tibia, “knock kneed”, stresses lateral knee joint
hallux- great toe, high heels, lateral displacement of sesamoid bones, leads to bunions and corns

Anatomy (6 decks)

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