Bones & Fractures

Question 1

Describe the outer and inner layers of bone.

Answer 1

Outer cortical layer of Compact bone.

Inner medulla of Spongy bone.

Question 2

The periosteum has vascular and nervous supply. T/F?

Answer 2

​​ True

Question 3

Bone marrow is supplied by the _ cavity.

Answer 3

Medullary

Question 4

What is endochondral ossification?

Answer 4

Process of inital small hyaline cartilage version growing and turning into bone.

Eg- Humerus, Femurus

Question 5

Parts of a bone?

Answer 5

1. Epiphysis- found on ends

2. Epiphyseal growth plate- Main site of longitudinal growth.

3. Metaphysis- found below growth plate

4. Diaphysis- found between two ends- i.e shaft

Question 6

What are the different classifications of bones? Eg of where they’re found?

Answer 6

1. Flat bones- protective eg cranium, sternum

2. Long bones- Tubular eg femur, humerus

3. Irregular- Eg vertebrae, spinal cord

4. Sesamoid- With some tendons eg Patella

5. Shorts- Cuboidal eg Carpals

Question 7

Fractures are most common at the neck of the _.

Fractures of the _ are common in children

Answer 7

Femur- as it is a less compact bone and has a thin/angled structure

Clavicle

Question 8

Natural healing from a fractured bone is by _ remodelling.

Answer 8

Callus- callus of new bone surrounds the fracture line, before remodelling takes place where it assumes the normal shape leading to a healed bone.

Question 9

_ are used to surgically reduce and fix fractures.

Answer 9

Titanium screws

Question 10

Bony features that develop during growth include (2)

Answer 10

1. Functional- best shape for the job

2. Adjacent structure- Applying a force to developing bone, moulding its shape.

Bony features relate to change in strucure of the bone

Question 11

What are the 3 anatomical divisons of the fossae of the cranial cavity?

Answer 11

1. Anterior cranial fossa

2 Middle cranial fossa

3. Posterior cranial fossa

Question 12

What are the bones of the axial skeleton? (3)

Answer 12

Bones of

- Skull

- Neck

- Trunk

Question 13

Bones of appendicular skeleton? (4)

Answer 13

Bones of

1. Pectoral girdle

2. Upper limbs

3. Pelvic girdle

4. Lower limbs

Question 14

What are the bones of the cranial vault? (5)

Answer 14

1. Frontal

2. Parietal

3. Sphenoid

4. Temporal

5. Occipital

Question 15

The _ separates the frontal and parietal lobes (2 Words)

Answer 15

Coronal suture

Question 16

What are the bones of the facial skeleton? (4)

Answer 16

1. Nasal

2. Zygoma

3. Maxilla

4. Mandible

Question 17

How many Le fort fractures are there?

Answer 17

3

Question 18

The line that seprates the base of the skull from the jaw and mouth is the most inferior aspect of the neurocranium. T/F?

Answer 18

True

Question 19

What are the bones of the mandible?

Answer 19

1. Condylar process

2. Ramus

3. Angle

4. Inferior border of mandible

5. Body

6. Mental foramen

7. Mental process

Question 20

What are the divisions of the 33 vertebrae found in the body? (5)

Answer 20

• 7 Cervical (C1-7)
• 12 Thoaric (T1-12)
• 5 lumbar (L1-5)
• 5 Sacral- fused to form one
• 4 Coccygeal- fused to form one

Question 21

What are the parts and functions of a vertebra?

Answer 21

1. Spinous process- Ligament & muscle attachment

2. Transverse process- Ligament, muscle rib articulations

3. Inferior & superior articular processes-motility with adjacent vertebrae via synovial facet joints

4. Vertebral arch- Protects spinal cord conisists of 2 pedicle and 2 lamina

5. Vertebral foramen-transmits and protects spinal cord

6. Vertebral body- Weight bearing

Question 22

Intervertebral foramen form between _ vertebrae, while facet joint are found between _ of _ vertebrae

Answer 22

Adjacent

Articular processes of adjacent

Question 23

C1 (Atlas) vertbra of the cervical vertebrae do not contain a _ process

C2 (Axis) vertebrae has a _ process

C7 (vertebrae prominens) is the first _ spinous process

Answer 23

Spinous process

Odontoid

Palpable

Question 24

The pectoral girdle form the two _ and the two _

Answer 24

Scapula & Clavicle

Question 25

The pelvic girdle is composed of the two _ bones and the _

Answer 25

Hip & Sacrum

Question 26

The arm is found between the _ and _ joint

Answer 26

Shoulder & elbow

Question 27

The forearm is found between _ and _ joint

Answer 27

Elbow & wrist

Question 28

The thigh joint is found between the _ and _ joint.

Leg is found between the _ and _ joint

Answer 28

Hip & knee

Knee & Ankle