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Human Anatomy > Bones and the skeleton > Flashcards

Bones and the skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • support
  • protection
  • movement
  • electrolyte balance
  • blood formation
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2
Q

How does the skeletal system aid in body movement?

A

bones serve as levers for muscles

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3
Q

What are the main points of protection provided by the skeletal system?

A

brain (skull), spinal cord (spine), internal organs

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4
Q

How does the skeletal system aid in electrolyte balance?

A

bone store and release calcium and phosphate

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5
Q

How does the skeletal system aid in blood formation?

A

bone marrow is the source of new blood cells

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6
Q

what is the skeletal system composed of?

A

bones, cartilage, tendons and ligaments

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7
Q

What does cartilage do?

A

acts as shock absorption
- allows for smooth joint movement

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8
Q

What do ligaments do?

A
  • form connections between bones
  • constraints skeletal movement (prevents excessive movement)
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9
Q

What are tendons?

A

connections of (skeletal) muscle tissue to bone

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10
Q

What do tendons do?

A

transfer muscle force to bone to generate motion

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11
Q

What is the term for where muscle cells are located?

A

bellies

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12
Q

what is the process of signal transmission from the PNS to SNS to muscle movement?

A

tendon -> muscle -> bone

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13
Q

What are the key locations in which you would find cartilage?

A
  • external ear
  • nose
  • articular cartilage
  • costal cartilage
  • between vertebrae
  • pubic symphysis
  • articular discs
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14
Q

Where do you find articular cartilage?

A

covering ends of bones

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15
Q

What is articular (hyaline) cartilage best known for?

A

its flexibility and resilience

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16
Q

Where do you find costal cartilage?

A

in the ribs

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17
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Articular (hyaline) cartilages
Elastic cartilages
Firbocartilages

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18
Q

Where do you find elastic cartilage?

A

ear and nose

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19
Q

where do you find fibrocartilage?

A

between vertebrae and at insertions of ligaments and tendons.

(pubic symphysis is fibrocartilage too)

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20
Q

The cells that comprise cartilage are called…

A

chondrocytes

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21
Q

What is the lacuna?

A

the space containing chondrocytes

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22
Q

Why can’t cartilage heal once it is damaged?

A

contains no nervous innervation or blood vessels

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23
Q

Red bone marrow is known for what purpose?

A

blood cell production

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24
Q

What does an epiphysial line indicate?

A

a closure of a growth plate

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25
Q

How can you distinguish a bone as a long bone?

A

when the length is greater than the width

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26
Q

What does yellow bone marrow contain?

A

fatty tissue

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27
Q

what distinguishes yellow bone marrow from the function of red bone marrow?

A

Yellow bone marrow has no blood cell production

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28
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

the outer bone covering

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29
Q

Does the periosteum house a nervous system supply?

A

Yes

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30
Q

What is the nutrient foramen?

A

blood vessel passage

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31
Q

What is an example of where compact and spongy bone can be located?

A

the skull

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32
Q

What is a flat bone?

A

two layers of compact bone enclosing a middle layer of spongy bone

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33
Q

What is a short bone?

A

a bone that is equal in length and width (ie. carpal bones)

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34
Q

What are irregular bones?

A

shapes that dont fit other categories (ie. scapula)

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35
Q

How many bones are in the human body?

A

206

36
Q

What is a sesamoid bone?

A

bones that form within tendons

37
Q

How many bones do we have at birth?

A

270

38
Q

What is the largest sesamoid bone in the body?

(on exam)

A

Patella

39
Q

For what muscle attachment does the vertebral column serve a purpose?

A

thoracic muscles

40
Q

What portion of the vertebral column acts as shock absorption?

A

intervertebral discs (cartilage)

41
Q

What are the main purposes of the vertebral column?

A
  • support and movement
  • protection of the spinal cord
42
Q

How many vertebrae are in the cervical (“C”) region?

A

7

43
Q

What is the cervical region?

A

neck

44
Q

How many vertebrae are in the thoracic (“T”) region?

A

12

45
Q

What is the thoracic region?

A

Thorax

46
Q

How many vertebrae are in the lumbar (“L”) region?

A

5

47
Q

What is the lumbar region?

A

low back

48
Q

How many vertebrae compose the sacrum?

A

5 fused

49
Q

How many vertebrae compose the coccyx?

A

3-5 fused

50
Q

Muscles ________ motion. Ligaments __________ it.

A

Muscles PROMOTE motion
Ligaments CHECK it

51
Q

How many intervertebral discs are there in the spine?

A

23

52
Q

What is the main function of an intervertebral disc?

A

shock absorption

53
Q

What are intervertebral discs made of?

A

firbocartilage

54
Q

C1 to C7 are the…

A

smallest and lightest vertebrae

55
Q

C1 is referred to as the _______.

A

atlas (holds up the world)

56
Q

C2 is referred to as the _______.

A

axis

57
Q

C1 and C2 form the…

A

atlantoaxial joint

58
Q

The coccyx is also known as your…

A

tailbone

59
Q

What bones encompass the skull?

A

cranial
facial
lower jaw

60
Q

What is the purpose of cranial bones?

A

encloses the brain in the cranial cavity

61
Q

What are the two regions of cranial bone?

A

cranial vault (brain enclosure)
cranial base

62
Q

What bones encompass the cranial base?

A

frontal, temporal, and occipital lobe

63
Q

The cranial bones are the sites of attachment for the…

A

head and neck muscles

64
Q

Facial bones are the…

A

framework of face

65
Q

Facial bones are the sites of attachment for the…

A

teeth and muscles of facial expression

66
Q

What are the distinguishing properties of the lower jaw?

A

largest, strongest bone of face

67
Q

The lower jaw is what type of joint?

A

temporomandibular
(only freely movable joint in skull)

68
Q

If you palpate directly behind your ear, what bone would you feel?

A

the mastoid process

69
Q

Thoracic cage contains…

A

thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and ribs

70
Q

The upper limb contains how many bones?

A

30

71
Q

The brachium refers to the…

A

Humerus
- upper portion of the limb

72
Q

Antebrachium refers to…

A

forearm
- radius and ulna

73
Q

The radius always follows the ________?

A

Thumb

74
Q

The hand contains three regions. What are they?

A
  1. Carpal region
  2. Palm = metacarpals
  3. Fingers = Phalanges
75
Q

How many bones are in the carpal region?

A

8

76
Q

How many metacarpals are there in the hand?

A

5

77
Q

How many phalanges are there in the body?

A

14

78
Q

What are the different regions within a phalange?

A

Distal, middle, proximal
- the thumb only has distal and proximal

79
Q

The lower limb contains how many bones?

A

30

80
Q

The thigh (femoral region) includes what bones?

A

Femur and patella

80
Q

The foot (tarsal region) contains how many bones?

A

8

81
Q

Leg proper (crural region) contains what bones?

A

Tibia (media) and fibula (lateral)

82
Q

The bones in the foot aren’t called metacarpals. They are instead called ______.

A

Metatarsals

83
Q

The calcaneus is the __________ bone.

A

Largest tarsal bone

84
Q

The Calcaneus is the attachment for the ________ tendon.

A

Achilles

85
Q
A

Human Anatomy (4 decks)

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