Bones And Tendons Flashcards
Why are adaptations in connective tissue important?
Support, protection, mechanical framework, stability around a joint, connect tissues, transferring forces, resisting stretching and tearing forces
Name some of the functions of bones
Support and protection, red and white blood cell production, store minerals, enables mobility
What is osteoporosis and how does exercise help?
Where the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue, as a result of hormonal changes or deficiencies of Ca or vit D.
Exercise can slow the rate of bone loss, improve strength and balance to prevent falls and reduce fracture risk.
What are the pores called that supply blood and nerves to bone?
Volkman canals - transverse pores
Haversian canals - in Haversian systems
Explain the morphology of bone
Bone tissue is either compact of trabecular.
Lamellar compact bone consists of lamellae stacked parallel upon each other. Haversian systems are made up of concentric rings of lamellae. Woven bone forms under extreme loads.
What are the two types of deformation in bone?
Elastic and plastic.
elastic is reversible and plastic is irreversible past the elastic stage, meaning it will only return part way to its original shape and can lead to a fracture.
what is bone remodelling? And what role do osteoblasts, osteoclasts and osteocytes have in bone remodelling?
bone remodelling is replacing old bone with new bone, thus preventing micro damage accumulation. Osteoclasts are involved in the resorption of bone tissue. Osteoblasts are involved in the creation and mineralisation of bone from collagenous tissue. Osteocytes are actively involved in the routine turnover of bony matrix. The bony matrix compromises of collagen and bone mineral made up of various salts.
What is bone modelling?
The accumulation of bone material reinforcing a bones structure.
What adaptations to bone occur as a result of exercise?
The adaptations are site specific (only to bones that are loaded). Exercise can increase CSA and density. The greater the muscular forces, the greater the effect it has on strengthening bones. Also impact based sports and unconventional patterns have greater effects on bone strength.
What’s the role of tendons?
To transmit contractile forces to the skeleton to generate joint movement.
They are a passive mechanism for energy storage as when stretched, it results in elastic energy storage which is returned when tensile load is removed.
Why might having compliant (too supple) tendons be a risk of injury?
Because it makes it difficult to control joint position as you would see movement in the tendon and hence of the joint, despite constant muscle length.
Why do sprinters favour stiff tendons?
This allows direct translation of forces to the joint from the muscle, so the stiffer the tendon the faster the force is transferred (so ideal for speed). This also makes concentric contractions more efficient.
However, it increases instances of injury.
What determines the strength of a tendon?
Collagen size, collagen number, collagen thickness, collagen orientation
What is the osteotendinous junction?
The transition from tendon to fibrocartliage to lamellar bone
What adaptations occur to tendons from exercise?
Increase in collagen fibril diameter and number,
Greater number of covalent cross links within a fibre of increased diameter,
Increase in packing density of collagen fibrils,
Collectively these changes contribute to an increase in CSA and strength
