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Musculo-Skeletal > Bones and Joints of the Upper limb > Flashcards

Bones and Joints of the Upper limb Flashcards

1
Q

What two structures on the humerus articulate with the radius and ulnar?

A

Capitulum

Trochlea

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2
Q

Why are children more likely to get student’s elbow?

A

The annular ligament is weaker in children

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3
Q

What are the names of the two collateral ligaments of the elbow complex?

A

Medical collateral ligament

Lateral collateral ligament

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4
Q

What do the collateral ligaments attach to?

A

The epicondyles

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5
Q

What can happen if the rotator cuff muscles are weak?

A

The humerus slide upwards with the movement of the deltoid

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6
Q

What aspect/side of the ulnar is the coronoid process on?

A

Anterior

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7
Q

What is the scapulo-thoracic joint?

A

A pseudo-joint between the scapulae and chest wall

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8
Q

What do all hinge joint have?

A

Collateral ligaments

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9
Q

What happens to hyaline cartilage with age?

A

It breaks down and is replaced by bone

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10
Q

Why is the a fold in the glenohumeral capsule?

A

Increase range of motion

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11
Q

Which rotator cuff muscle lie anterior to the joint?

A

Subscapularis

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12
Q

What does the synovial membrane do?

A

Lines all non-articular surfaces within the capsule

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13
Q

What is located in the olecranon fossa?

A

Olecranon bursae - fat pads to facilitate movement

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14
Q

Which radioulnar joint has a triangular fibrocartilage complex (disc)?

A

The distal one

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15
Q

What is the purpose of having an attachment between the LCL and annular ligament?

A

Allows pronation and supination of forearm

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16
Q

What makes the acromioclavicular joint vunerable to dislocation?

A

It is in the sagittal plane

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17
Q

What joins the shaft of the ulnar and radius?

A

Interosseous membrane

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18
Q

How can you test if the axillary nerve has been damaged in a dislocation?

A

Prick the skin innervated by that nerve

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19
Q

What is a labrum?

A

Fibrous socket that increases the depth of a joint

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20
Q

What is cubitus vulgus?

A

Abnormal abduction of forearm when in extension

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21
Q

Which side of the humerus does the head of the radius articulate?

A

Lateral

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22
Q

How does the clavicle afffect the glenohumeral joint?

A

Increase the range of motion

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23
Q

What is the name of the feature of the ulnar that forms the point of the elbow?

A

Olecranon

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24
Q

What does the coracoclavicular joint connect?

A

Coronoid tubercle of the clavicle to the coronoid process of the scapulae

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25
Q

When does subluxation of the sternoclavicular joint occur?

A

Rarely, mainly associated with trauma

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26
Q

Describe two features of the glenohumeral joint

A

Incongruenous - large head of humerus into shallow gleno fossa

Loose capsule on the medial surface - enables movement

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27
Q

What are the names of the joints of the clavicle?

A

Stenoclavicular joint

Acromioclavicular joint

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28
Q

What does congruent mean in terms of joints?

A

There is a relatively high amount of surface articulating

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29
Q

What is the function of fat pad within a joint?

A

Spread synovial fluid

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30
Q

What stabilises the acromioclavicular joint?

A

Coracoclavicular ligament

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31
Q

What are bursae?

A

Sacks of synovial fluid

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32
Q

What can attach to a labrum?

A

Muscle

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33
Q

What type of dislocation is associated with a fracture of the coronoid process?

A

Posterior

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34
Q

In what position is the elbow joint most secure?

A

Full extension

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35
Q

What is the difference between an epiphysis and fracture on a x-ray?

A

Fracture are jagged, epiphyses are straight

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36
Q

What muscle attaches to the gleno-labrum?

A

Long head of the bicep

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37
Q

What commonly happens the subacromial bursa in certain sports?

A

Bursitis

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38
Q

Describe a grade 3 acromioclavicular subluxation

A

The acromioclavicular ligament and coracoclavicular ligament are both ruptured

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39
Q

What are the 5 layers of the glenohumeral joint

A

Bone

Labrum

Capsule

Tendons

Coraco-acromial ligaments

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40
Q

Describe two features of hyaline/articular cartilage

A

Avascular

Aneural

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41
Q

What stabilises fibrous capsules?

A

Intrinsic/extrinsic ligaments

Muscles

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42
Q

Where does the capsule of the glenohumeral joint attach to the humerus

A

Anatomical neck above

Surgical neck below

43
Q

What are the implications of the tight connection between bones made by the interosseous membrane?

A

A force that breaks one bone can be transferred to break the other

The two RU joints function as together

44
Q

What are the attachments of the lateral collateral ligament?

A

Humerus

Annular ligament

45
Q

What rotator cuff muscles lies superiorly to the joint

A

Supraspinatus

46
Q

Which rotator cuff muscles lie inferiorly to the joint?

A

None

47
Q

Which joints are contained in the elbow complex capsule

A

Elbow joint

Proximal radioulnar joint

48
Q

What are the key features of the sternoclavicular joint?

A

Strong fibrouscapsule and intra-articular disc

Very stable

Costoclavicular joint for stability

49
Q

What can cubitus vulgus result in?

A

Friction of the ulnar nerve

50
Q

Which collateral ligament of the of the elbow joint is stronger?

A

The medial

51
Q

Which rotator cuff muscle lie posteriorly to the joint?

A

Teres minor

Infraspinatus

52
Q

Where the rotator muscle originate and insert?

A

Originate - Scapulae

Insert - Glenohumeral capsule

53
Q

What is the most common direction of shoulder dislocation? Why?

A

Inferio-anterior

No inferior rotator cuff muscle

54
Q

What are the potential complications with bursae?

A

Infection can spread through them

55
Q

What is an avulsion injury?

A

An injury where there is tear off of a limb

56
Q

What movement is restricted as the glenohumeral capsule tightens with age?

A

Abduction

57
Q

What is an epiphyses?

A

The end of a long bone that articulates at a joint

58
Q

What is the function of disc/menisci within joints?

A

Absorb shock

Fill out any irregularities

59
Q

What are the 4 muscles of the rotator cuff?

A

Teres minor

Infraspinatus

Supraspinatus

Subscapularis

60
Q

What is the function of collateral ligaments?

A

Prevent abduction and adduction

61
Q

What occurs in students elbow?

A

Radial head is pulled out of the annular ligament

62
Q

What 2 structures protect the head of the humerus?

A

Subacromial bursa

Subacromial ligament

63
Q

Where do fat pads lie within joints?

A

Intra-articular but extrasynovial

64
Q

Where are three common sites for fracture of the humerus?

A

Surgical neck

Mid-shaft

Supracondylar

65
Q

Where are factures of the clavicle most common?

A

Between the lateral 1/3 and medial 2/3s - the point of greatest curvature therefore weakness

66
Q

Name the carpal bones, from lateral to medial

A

Scaphoid

Lunate

Triquetral

Pisiform

Trapezium

Trapezoid

Capitate

Hamate

67
Q

What is a sesamoid bone?

A

A bone located in a tendon

68
Q

What type of bone are metacarpals?

A

Long bone

69
Q

What do sesamoid bones do?

A

Create a tunnel

Reduce friction

70
Q

What forms the floor and proximal wall of the anatomical snuff box?

A

Floor: scaphoid

Wall: Styloid process radius

71
Q

What do retinaculum do?

A

Hold down tendons, in and around joint usually

72
Q

Which nerve is affected in carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Median nerve

73
Q

Where are the sesamoid bones of in the hand?

A

Pisiform - carpal

Thumb x2

Index finger (aka second finger)

74
Q

Which tendon is the pisiform bone inside?

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris

75
Q

Which carpals bones have tubercles?

A

Scaphoid

Trapezium

76
Q

Which carpal bone is the largest?

A

Capitate

77
Q

Which carpals make up the radialcarpal joint?

A

Scaphoid

Lunate

78
Q

Which is the first carpal to ossify?

A

Capitate

79
Q

In what direction do the carpal bone sequentially ossify?

A

Anti-clockwise

80
Q

What type of joint is the radiocarpal joint?

A

Synovial, Ellipsoid

81
Q

What makes up the wrist complex?

A

Radiocarpal joint

Intercarpal joint

82
Q

What movements happen at the wrist complex?

A

Flexion/Extension

Radial/Ulnar deviation

83
Q

Which movement is greatest at the wrist, flexion or extension?

A

Flexion

84
Q

Which movement is greatest at the wrist, ulnar or radial deviation?

A

Ulnar

85
Q

Which intercarpal joint is the most important?

A

Scaphoid and lunate with the capitate

86
Q

How do the movements at intercarpals differ from the radiocarpal?

A

Opposite

Greater flexion

Greater radial deviation

87
Q

What direction do the intercarpal ligaments generally run?

A

From the radius to across to the carpals

88
Q

What is the primarily purpose of the intercarpal ligaments?

A

Preventing the carpals from sliding proxi-medially

89
Q

Which side of the palm has more ligaments, the palmar or dorsal?

A

Palmar

90
Q

Where do the tendons of the forearm muscles generally attach?

A

Metacarpals

91
Q

Where is the radius most commonly fractured?

A

Distal end

92
Q

Which carpal is most commonly fractured?

A

Scaphoid

93
Q

Which carpal is most commonly subluxed?

A

Lunate

94
Q

What does FOOSH stand for?

A

Fall on out stretched hand

95
Q

What commonly results from a fall on out stretched hand?

A

Fracture of distal radius causing dinner fork structure

96
Q

What can happen to scaphoid blood supply after a fracture?

A

Blood supply to the proximal end is removed - avascular necrosis

97
Q

What type of joint in the thumb carpometacarpal?

A

Saddle

98
Q

What movements happen at the metacarpophalangeal joints?

A

Extension/Flexion

Add/Abd

99
Q

What extra movement does the thumb joint allow?

A

Opposition

100
Q

What is a condyloid joint?

A

Oval shape into ellipsoid cavity

101
Q

What is the volar plate?

A

Fibrocartilaginous joint that increases the articular surface of the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal

102
Q

What occurs in a Swan neck deformity?

A

A phalanx bone breaks through the ventral volar plate

103
Q

What occurs in a Boutonniere deformity?

A

Phalanx breaks through a dorsal volar plate

Musculo-Skeletal (7 decks)

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