Bones and Joints of the Lower Limb

Question 1

What are the different segments of the lower limb?

Answer 1

• Pelvic Girdle
• Thigh
• Leg
• Foot

Question 2

What are the bones within the pelvic girdle?

Answer 2

• Hip bone
• Sacrum
• Coccyx

Question 3

What are the bones within the thigh?

Answer 3

• Femur

Question 4

What is in the proximal row of the tarsals?

Answer 4

• Talus
• Calcaneus

Question 5

What is in the intermediate row of the tarsal bones?

Answer 5

Navicular

Question 6

What is in the distal row of the tarsals?

Answer 6

• Cuboid
• Medial cuneiform
• Intermediate cuneiform
• Lateral cuneiforms

Question 7

How many metatarsal and phalanges are there?

Answer 7

• 5 metatarsals
• 14 phalanges

Question 8

What is the pelvic girdle suited for?

Answer 8

it is well suited for stability during standing, walking and running

Question 9

What is the anatomical function of the pelvic girdle?

Answer 9

It attaches the lower limb to the axial skeleton

Question 10

What are 5 functions of the pelvic girdle?

Answer 10

• transfers body weight (upper body weight) to the lower limbs
• provides an almost rigid, complete ring for weight bearing and child birth
• supports the pelvic organs
• provides muscle attachment for limb movement
• provides “gateways” for neurovascular structures to pass to and from the limbs

Question 11

What are the 3 bones fuse to form the hip bone?

Answer 11

• Ilium
• Ischium
• Pubic bones

Question 12

What is in between the 3 bones of the hip bone\?

Answer 12

Tri-radiate cartilage
The cartilage is visible radiologically, but ossifies by late teens

Question 13

What is the highest point of iliac crest?

Answer 13

the highest point of the iliac crest is at the level of L4

Question 14

What are the two pelvic joints?

Answer 14

• Pubic symphysis
• Sacro-iliac joint

Question 15

What type of joint is pubic symphysis?

Answer 15

Secondary cartilaginous

Question 16

What type of joint is sacro-iliac joint?

Answer 16

• Synovial anteriorly
• Fibrous posteriorly

Question 17

What ligaments support the pubic symphysis?

Answer 17

• Superior and arcuate ligaments

Question 18

What ligaments support the Sacro-iliac joint?

Answer 18

• Anterior sacroiliac ligaments
• Posteriors Sacro-iliac ligaments
• interosseous ligaments

Question 19

What ligaments prevent the sacrum from tilting forward?

Answer 19

• Sacrospinous ligaments
  -Sacrotuberous ligaments

Question 20

What do the Sacrospinous and Sacrotuberous ligaments also convert?

Answer 20

the sciatic notches into Greater and Lesser sciatic foramina for the passage of nerves and vessels

Question 21

What are the 4 gateways of the pelvic girdles?

Answer 21

1) Sciatic Nerve and Gluteal Neurovascular Bundle
2) Internal Pudendal Neurovascular Bundle
3) Obturator Neurovascular Bundle
4)Femoral Neurovascular Bundle

Question 22

What type of joint is the Hip joint?

Answer 22

Ball and socket - synovial joint

Question 23

What characteristic does the hip joint have?

Answer 23

Stable but limited mobility

Question 24

What are the features of acetabulum?

Answer 24

• Deep socket, weight bearing, stable.
• Cartilage over lunate surface
• The rim is raised by the acetabular labrum (it may tear and cause pain)
• Labrum bridges across the acetabular notch as the Transverse acetabular ligament

Question 25

Where does the joint capsule of hip joint attach?

Answer 25

the acetabular rim, transverse acetabular ligament, intertrochanteric line and neck of the femur

Question 26

What does the synovial membrane cover in the joint capsule of the hip joint?

Answer 26

Everything except the articular cartilage and forms a sleeve around the ligament of the head of femur.

Question 27

What do the synovial layers of the capsule of the hip joint send?

Answer 27

sends retinacular fibres medially along the femoral neck towards the head.

Question 28

What is the function of the hip joint ligaments?

Answer 28

- Prevent hyper-extension - Stabilize the joint - Save energy during standing

Question 29

What are do the deep fibres of the fibrous capsule of the hip joint form?

Answer 29

Zona orbicularis

Question 30

What is the ligament of the head of the femur called?

Answer 30

ligamentum teres cuput femoris

Question 31

What does the iliofemoral capsular ligament do?

Answer 31

- Prevents hyper-extension of hip joint during standing

Question 32

Name the capsular ligaments of the hip joint?

Answer 32

- Iliofemoral -Pubofemoral -Ischiofemoral

Question 33

What is the strongest capsular ligament of the hip joint?

Answer 33

Illiofemoral

Question 34

What is the weakest capsular ligament of the hip joint?

Answer 34

Ischiofemoral

Question 35

What is the function of the pubofemoral ligament?

Answer 35

Prevents hyper-abduction of hip joint; tightens during abduction

Question 36

What is the function of the ischiofemoral ligament?

Answer 36

Prevents excessive internal rotation

Question 37

What replaces the fibrous capsule in the anterior aspect of the knee joint?

Answer 37

quadriceps tendon (patellar ligament), the patella and fat pads

Question 38

What reinforces the knee joint capsule?

Answer 38

The iliotibial tract and patellar retinacula from quadriceps

Question 39

What reinforces the fibrous capsule of the knee?

Answer 39

-oblique popliteal ligament -arcuate popliteal ligament

Question 40

What is the purpose of oblique popliteal ligament

Answer 40

expansion of the semimembranosus muscle

Question 41

What are the bursae of the knee joint?

Answer 41

- Suprapatellar bursa - popliteal bursa - anserine bursa (pes bursa) - gastrocnemius bursa - Infra patellar bursa (deep and superficial)

Question 42

What are the collateral ligaments of the knee joint?

Answer 42

- Lateral (Fibular) - Medial (Tibial)

Question 43

Describe the lateral collateral ligament

Answer 43

A strong cord from Lateral femoral epicondyle to Head of fibula

Question 44

What is the function of the lateral collateral ligament?:

Answer 44

Prevents adduction of leg

Question 45

Describe the medial collateral ligament

Answer 45

broad, flat band from Medial femoral

Question 46

What is the function of the medial collateral?

Answer 46

Prevents abduction of leg

Question 47

What are the two crescent shaped fibrocartilage?

Answer 47

- Medial meniscus - Lateral meniscus

Question 48

What is the function of menisci?

Answer 48

- Increase the congruence of articular surfaces - Dissipate the forces/stress on articular cartilage - Absorb shock - Decrease friction - Participate in locking of knees - Proprioception

Question 49

Where are the horns of the menisci attached?

Answer 49

to the intercondylar areas of the tibial plateau

Question 50

How are the menisci of the knee joint anteriorly interconnected?

Answer 50

By the transverse ligament of the knee

Question 51

How do menisci of the knee joint move?

Answer 51

Antero-posteriorly during flexion/extension of knee

Question 52

Where is the medial meniscus of the knee joint?

Answer 52

Attached round its margin to the joint capsule and to the medial collateral ligament

Question 53

Where do meniscofemoral ligaments extend from?

Answer 53

posterior horn of lateral meniscus to medial condyle of femur

Question 54

What are the cruciate ligaments?

Answer 54

- Anterior cruciate ligaments - Posterior cruciate ligament

Question 55

What is the function of the anterior cruciate ligament?

Answer 55

Prevents anterior movement of tibia and hyperextension

Question 56

What is the function of the posterior cruciate ligament?

Answer 56

Prevents posterior movement of tibia

Question 57

What is the collodiaphysial angle?

Answer 57

The angle between the long axes of the neck and shaft of the femur

Question 58

What is the Q angle?

Answer 58

The angle between the anatomical axis of the femur and that of the tibia

Question 59

Describe the capsule of the ankle joint

Answer 59

- Loose fibrous capsule - Synovial folds within caps

Question 60

Where do the ligaments of the ankle joint ligaments?

Answer 60

They originate from the malleoli and fan out to tarsal bones

Question 60

What does the medial (deltoid) ligament?

Answer 60

Resists dislocation during eversion of the foot

Question 61

What does the lateral ligament do?

Answer 61

Resists over-inversion

Question 62

What are the three bands lateral ligaments?

Answer 62

- Anterior Talofibular - Posterior Talofibular - Fibulocalcaneal

Question 63

What are the movements of the ankle joint?

Answer 63

- Extension - Plantar flexion