Bones and Joints

Question 1

The two parts to bone

Answer 1

outer cortex and inner medulla

Question 2

other name for the outer cortex of bone

Answer 2

cortical bone

Question 3

contained within the inner medulla of bone

Answer 3

bone marrow - slowly changes to yellow fatty bone

Question 4

particular bones for making red and white blood cells

Answer 4

hip, breast bone, skull, ribs, vertebrae and in cancellous spongy material at proximal ends of long bones

Question 5

what is the periosteum

Answer 5

the fibrous connective tissue surrounding the bone

Question 6

What is the periosteum important for?

Answer 6

bone remodelling and repair; access to lymph vessels; innervation and vascularisation of bone

Question 7

Where does periosteum not exist?

Answer 7

where muscles and tendons attach the bone

Question 8

How do arteries and veins supply the bone?

Answer 8

through nutrient vessels

Question 9

Where does the epiphysis receive nutrients from?

Answer 9

vessels around the joints but not the nutrient vessels

Question 10

what is endochondral ossification?

Answer 10

the process by which small inital hyaline cartilage grows and turns to bone - particularly long bones

Question 11

what is the primary ossification centre?

Answer 11

where capillaries start to enter the shaft and drive the ossification process - embyronic cells condense and start to be replaced by cartilage cells to take the template of the long bone - then the capillaries form

Question 12

Where is the secondary ossification centre?

Answer 12

in the epiphysis

Question 13

What is the first and last bone to start ossification?

Answer 13

the clavicle

Question 14

Give an example of a flat bone

Answer 14

neurocranium or sternum

Question 15

Give an example of a long bone

Answer 15

humerus
femur
phalanges

Question 16

Give an example of an irregular bone

Answer 16

Vertebrae
?Scapula
Bones of the face

Question 17

Give an example of a sesamoid bone

Answer 17

patella

Question 18

What is a sesamoid bone?

Answer 18

a bone that has tendons and helps to prevent friction at a joint

Question 19

Give an example of a short bone

Answer 19

Carpals

Tarsals

Question 20

What increases the incidence of fracture at the neck of the femur?

Answer 20

there is less compact bone at the joint

the bone is thin and angled at the joint

Question 21

Why are fractures common in the clavicle?

Answer 21

there is less muscle and tendon support in the mid-lateral third of the clavicle - broken when fallen onto outstretched hand

Question 22

What substance is deposited around the fracture to start the formation of new bone?

Answer 22

collagen

Question 23

When do body features develop?

Answer 23

during development around other structures i.e. the foramen develops around the arteries and spinal cord in the skull

Question 24

How can the skeleton be split?

Answer 24

into appendicular and axial

Question 25

What does the axial skeleton include?

Answer 25

the skull, the vertebrae, the hyoid bone, chest

Question 26

What does the appendicular skeleton include?

Answer 26

long bones of upper and lower limbs, pelvic and pectoral girdles

Question 27

how is the skull divided?

Answer 27

neurocranium and viscerocranium

Question 28

What bones comprise the cranial vault?

Answer 28

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid

Question 29

What bones comprise the facial skeleton?

Answer 29

nasal, mandible, maxilla, zygomatic bones

Question 30

Describe Le Fort I

Answer 30

the maxilla and palette are broken

Question 31

Describe Le Fort II

Answer 31

the fracture is pyramidal in shape; maxilla, zygoma and nasal bones

Question 32

Describe Le Fort III

Answer 32

cranial-facial dislocation where the fracture is through the facial skeleton

Question 33

What are the numbers of the vertebral types?

Answer 33

``` cervical - 7 thoracic - 12 lumbar - 5 sacral - 5 fused coccygeal - 4 fused ```

Question 34

What is special about the C1 atlas?

Answer 34

no body or spinous process - posterior and anterior arches

Question 35

What is special about the C2 axis?

Answer 35

has odontoid process which allows the atlas to rotate

Question 36

What is the special about the C7 vertebrae prominens?

Answer 36

it is the first palpable spinous process 70% of people

Question 37

What are the three forms of ribs?

Answer 37

true - 1-7 false - 8-10 floating ribs - 11&12

Question 38

Why is the first rib less likely to fracture?

Answer 38

protected by the clavicle

Question 39

What is bone?

Answer 39

bone is a hard connective tissue that lives, dies and can be remodelled following injury

Question 40

What are the functions of bone?

Answer 40

support and protection of organs calcium metabolism RBC formation in red bone marrow Attachment for muscles

Question 41

What is cartilage?

Answer 41

a less hard connective tissue than bone that is located where mobility is required at articulations

Question 42

What are the different joint classifications?

Answer 42

fibrous cartilaginous synovial

Question 43

What are fibrous joints?

Answer 43

joints with fairly limited mobility and thus quite stable

Question 44

What are the types of fibrous joints?

Answer 44

syndesmoses | sutures

Question 45

What are syndesmoses?

Answer 45

unite bones with fibrous sheet membrane which is partially moveable

Question 46

What is an example of syndesmoses?

Answer 46

interosseus membrane i.e. between radius and ulna or tibia and fibula

Question 47

What are sutures?

Answer 47

the most stable joints between the bones of the skull

Question 48

What is an example of a suture joint?

Answer 48

coronal and sagittal sutures

Question 49

What are the sutures like in the neonatal skull?

Answer 49

they are wide fibrous sutures that are known as fontanelles - start to close at 9-18months

Question 50

What are the features of cartilaginous joints?

Answer 50

fairly limited mobility and relatively stable

Question 51

What are the types of cartilaginous joints?

Answer 51

primary cartilaginous | secondary cartilaginous

Question 52

what are the features of the primary cartilaginous?

Answer 52

synchondroses found at bones joined by hyaline cartilage such as the epiphyseal growth plate in the long bones

Question 53

What are the features of the secondary cartilaginous?

Answer 53

symphyses are strong and slightly moveable fibrocartilage found in places such as the intervertebral discs

Question 54

what are the parts of the intervertebral discs?

Answer 54

outer fibrous annulus fibrosus | inner soft nucleus pulposus

Question 55

What are synovial joints?

Answer 55

the most common and moveable joints which occur at limbs which have high levels of movement i.e. elbow, hip shoulders

Question 56

what covers the articular surface of synovial joints?

Answer 56

hyaline cartilage

Question 57

what is a feature of hyaline cartilage?

Answer 57

very spongy and smooth and avascular

Question 58

What is the issue with hyaline cartilage being avascular?

Answer 58

when broken it does not grow back very well

Question 59

What function does the synovial fluid do?

Answer 59

cushions, nourishes and lubricates the joint

Question 60

What improves synovial joint stability?

Answer 60

ligaments

Question 61

What are bursae?

Answer 61

associations with synovial joints that prevent friction around the joint and separate from the joint cavity

Question 62

What are the 5 subtypes of synovial joint?

Answer 62

pivot - neck for shaking head ball and socket - hip plane - minimal movement in one plane - acromioclavicular hinge - elbow biaxial - reasonable movement in one plane, less in the other

Question 63

What are the subtypes of biaxial joints?

Answer 63

condyloid and saddle

Question 64

What is subluxation?

Answer 64

where the joint is displaced causes a reduced area of contact between the articular surfaces

Question 65

What is a dislocation

Answer 65

a complete loss of contact between articular surfaces

Question 66

Where are common dislocations?

Answer 66

TMJ, shoulder, hip, knee, pubic symphysis, ankle, interpharyngeal

Question 67

What is involved in the temperomandibular joint?

Answer 67

the mandibular fossa and the articular tubercle of the temporal bone superior and the head of the condylar process of the mandible inferiorly

Question 68

what are periarticular arterial anastomoses?

Answer 68

arteries found around the joint to provide an alternative blood supply when the main supply is blocked or damaged. They involve connections between arteries around the joint