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Y1 Principles > Bones and Joints > Flashcards

Bones and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

The two parts to bone

A

outer cortex and inner medulla

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2
Q

other name for the outer cortex of bone

A

cortical bone

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3
Q

contained within the inner medulla of bone

A

bone marrow - slowly changes to yellow fatty bone

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4
Q

particular bones for making red and white blood cells

A

hip, breast bone, skull, ribs, vertebrae and in cancellous spongy material at proximal ends of long bones

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5
Q

what is the periosteum

A

the fibrous connective tissue surrounding the bone

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6
Q

What is the periosteum important for?

A

bone remodelling and repair; access to lymph vessels; innervation and vascularisation of bone

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7
Q

Where does periosteum not exist?

A

where muscles and tendons attach the bone

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8
Q

How do arteries and veins supply the bone?

A

through nutrient vessels

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9
Q

Where does the epiphysis receive nutrients from?

A

vessels around the joints but not the nutrient vessels

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10
Q

what is endochondral ossification?

A

the process by which small inital hyaline cartilage grows and turns to bone - particularly long bones

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11
Q

what is the primary ossification centre?

A

where capillaries start to enter the shaft and drive the ossification process - embyronic cells condense and start to be replaced by cartilage cells to take the template of the long bone - then the capillaries form

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12
Q

Where is the secondary ossification centre?

A

in the epiphysis

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13
Q

What is the first and last bone to start ossification?

A

the clavicle

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14
Q

Give an example of a flat bone

A

neurocranium or sternum

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15
Q

Give an example of a long bone

A

humerus
femur
phalanges

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16
Q

Give an example of an irregular bone

A

Vertebrae
?Scapula
Bones of the face

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17
Q

Give an example of a sesamoid bone

A

patella

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18
Q

What is a sesamoid bone?

A

a bone that has tendons and helps to prevent friction at a joint

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19
Q

Give an example of a short bone

A

Carpals

Tarsals

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20
Q

What increases the incidence of fracture at the neck of the femur?

A

there is less compact bone at the joint

the bone is thin and angled at the joint

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21
Q

Why are fractures common in the clavicle?

A

there is less muscle and tendon support in the mid-lateral third of the clavicle - broken when fallen onto outstretched hand

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22
Q

What substance is deposited around the fracture to start the formation of new bone?

A

collagen

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23
Q

When do body features develop?

A

during development around other structures i.e. the foramen develops around the arteries and spinal cord in the skull

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24
Q

How can the skeleton be split?

A

into appendicular and axial

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25
Q

What does the axial skeleton include?

A

the skull, the vertebrae, the hyoid bone, chest

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26
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton include?

A

long bones of upper and lower limbs, pelvic and pectoral girdles

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27
Q

how is the skull divided?

A

neurocranium and viscerocranium

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28
Q

What bones comprise the cranial vault?

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid

29
Q

What bones comprise the facial skeleton?

A

nasal, mandible, maxilla, zygomatic bones

30
Q

Describe Le Fort I

A

the maxilla and palette are broken

31
Q

Describe Le Fort II

A

the fracture is pyramidal in shape; maxilla, zygoma and nasal bones

32
Q

Describe Le Fort III

A

cranial-facial dislocation where the fracture is through the facial skeleton

33
Q

What are the numbers of the vertebral types?

A 
cervical - 7
thoracic - 12
lumbar - 5 
sacral - 5 fused
coccygeal - 4 fused
34
Q

What is special about the C1 atlas?

A

no body or spinous process - posterior and anterior arches

35
Q

What is special about the C2 axis?

A

has odontoid process which allows the atlas to rotate

36
Q

What is the special about the C7 vertebrae prominens?

A

it is the first palpable spinous process 70% of people

37
Q

What are the three forms of ribs?

A

true - 1-7
false - 8-10
floating ribs - 11&12

38
Q

Why is the first rib less likely to fracture?

A

protected by the clavicle

39
Q

What is bone?

A

bone is a hard connective tissue that lives, dies and can be remodelled following injury

40
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A

support and protection of organs
calcium metabolism
RBC formation in red bone marrow
Attachment for muscles

41
Q

What is cartilage?

A

a less hard connective tissue than bone that is located where mobility is required at articulations

42
Q

What are the different joint classifications?

A

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

43
Q

What are fibrous joints?

A

joints with fairly limited mobility and thus quite stable

44
Q

What are the types of fibrous joints?

A

syndesmoses

sutures

45
Q

What are syndesmoses?

A

unite bones with fibrous sheet membrane which is partially moveable

46
Q

What is an example of syndesmoses?

A

interosseus membrane i.e. between radius and ulna or tibia and fibula

47
Q

What are sutures?

A

the most stable joints between the bones of the skull

48
Q

What is an example of a suture joint?

A

coronal and sagittal sutures

49
Q

What are the sutures like in the neonatal skull?

A

they are wide fibrous sutures that are known as fontanelles - start to close at 9-18months

50
Q

What are the features of cartilaginous joints?

A

fairly limited mobility and relatively stable

51
Q

What are the types of cartilaginous joints?

A

primary cartilaginous

secondary cartilaginous

52
Q

what are the features of the primary cartilaginous?

A

synchondroses found at bones joined by hyaline cartilage such as the epiphyseal growth plate in the long bones

53
Q

What are the features of the secondary cartilaginous?

A

symphyses are strong and slightly moveable fibrocartilage found in places such as the intervertebral discs

54
Q

what are the parts of the intervertebral discs?

A

outer fibrous annulus fibrosus

inner soft nucleus pulposus

55
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

the most common and moveable joints which occur at limbs which have high levels of movement i.e. elbow, hip shoulders

56
Q

what covers the articular surface of synovial joints?

A

hyaline cartilage

57
Q

what is a feature of hyaline cartilage?

A

very spongy and smooth and avascular

58
Q

What is the issue with hyaline cartilage being avascular?

A

when broken it does not grow back very well

59
Q

What function does the synovial fluid do?

A

cushions, nourishes and lubricates the joint

60
Q

What improves synovial joint stability?

A

ligaments

61
Q

What are bursae?

A

associations with synovial joints that prevent friction around the joint and separate from the joint cavity

62
Q

What are the 5 subtypes of synovial joint?

A

pivot - neck for shaking head
ball and socket - hip
plane - minimal movement in one plane - acromioclavicular
hinge - elbow
biaxial - reasonable movement in one plane, less in the other

63
Q

What are the subtypes of biaxial joints?

A

condyloid and saddle

64
Q

What is subluxation?

A

where the joint is displaced causes a reduced area of contact between the articular surfaces

65
Q

What is a dislocation

A

a complete loss of contact between articular surfaces

66
Q

Where are common dislocations?

A

TMJ, shoulder, hip, knee, pubic symphysis, ankle, interpharyngeal

67
Q

What is involved in the temperomandibular joint?

A

the mandibular fossa and the articular tubercle of the temporal bone superior and the head of the condylar process of the mandible inferiorly

68
Q

what are periarticular arterial anastomoses?

A

arteries found around the joint to provide an alternative blood supply when the main supply is blocked or damaged. They involve connections between arteries around the joint

Y1 Principles (10 decks)

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