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Y1 Principles > Anatomy of the Cell > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

What features are common to all eukaryotic cells?

A 
An outer membrane
An inner cytosol
A cytoskeleton
Membrane bound organelles
Inclusions
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2
Q

What is the plasmalemma?

A

a phospholipid bilayer which separates the cytoplasm from the outer environment

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3
Q

What is special about the plasmalemma?

A

it is amphipathic

it is selectively permeable

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4
Q

What can be found in the plasmalemma?

A

cholesterol
integral proteins
transmembrane proteins

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5
Q

What organelles can be found in the cytoplasm?

A 
Mitochondria
RER
SER
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Nucleus
Inclusions
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6
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

energy production

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7
Q

What is the function of the RER?

A

protein synthesis

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8
Q

What is the function of the SER?

A

cholesterol and lipid synthesis

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9
Q

What is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

modification and packaging of secretions

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10
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

hydrolytic enzymes for intracellular digestion

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11
Q

What are the three main classes of filaments in the cytoskeleton?

A

microfilaments - actin
intermediate filaments - 6 classes of protein
microtubules - a & b tubulin

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12
Q

What are the functions of microtubules?

A

to move intracellular organelles and vesicles around the cell

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13
Q

What do microtubules associate with to move?

A

kinesin - towards cell periphery

dynein - towards cell centre

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14
Q

Where is the nucleus found?

A

in a nuclear envelope with inner and outer membranes and nuclear pores

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15
Q

What is the nuclear envelope continuous with?

A

the RER and is studded with ribosomes

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16
Q

what is the nucleolus?

A

a 1-3µm dense area within the nucleus

17
Q

define euchromatin

A

DNA that is actively undergoing transcription

18
Q

define heterochromatin

A

DNA that is condensed and not undergoing transcription. tightly wound and appears as dark splotches in the nucleolus

19
Q

where are ribosomes formed?

A

nucleolus

20
Q

What are ribosomes made up of?

A

small and large subunit

21
Q

What does the small unit of ribosomes do?

A

binds RNA

22
Q

What does the large unit of the ribosome do?

A

catalyses formation of peptide bonds

23
Q

Where is SER common?

A

in cells that synthesise cholesterol

24
Q

Where is RER common?

A

in active cells that produce lots of proteins i.e. plasma cells –> antibodies

25
Q

How might the golgi apparatus modify molecules?

A

add sugars
cleave
glycosylate
move into granules or vacuoles

26
Q

what is special about mitochondria?

A

contain their own DNA which is passed on from the mother

27
Q

Where are the most mitochondria found?

A

in cells which require lots of protein and lipid synthesis i.e. liver and muscle cells

28
Q

What are the three types of intercellular junction?

A

Occluding
Anchoring
Communicating

29
Q

What is the function of occluding junctions?

A

formation of a diffusion barrier

30
Q

Where would you find an occluding junction?

A

at the apical membrane of the cell

31
Q

What are occluding junctions also known as?

A

tight junctions, zona occludens

32
Q

What is the function of the anchoring junctions?

A

to provide mechanical strength especially where cells are likely to undergo stretch

33
Q

What are desmosomes?

A

anchoring junctions which are common in skin; link via cadherin molecules

34
Q

What are hemi-desmosomes?

A

molecules which link submembrane filaments of a cell to the EC matric through transmembrane proteins

35
Q

What is another name for communicating junctions?

A

gap junctions

36
Q

What is the subunit of the gap junction?

A

connexins

37
Q

Where are gap junctions found?

A

in epithelia and smooth and cardiac muscle

38
Q

In what ways can material move across the cell membrane?

A 
diffusion
transport proteins
vesicles
endocytosis
phagocytosis

Y1 Principles (10 decks)

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