Bones and calcium

Question 1

Draw and label a vertebrae

Answer 1

f

Question 2

Name the 2 spine curvatures

Answer 2

Lordosis and khyphosis

Question 3

Draw and label the 2 spine curvatures

Answer 3

c

Question 4

What spine curvature is the secondary curvature

Answer 4

Lordosis

Question 5

Where is calcium from our diet absorbed

Answer 5

upper lower intestine

Question 6

Name the 2 main hormones that control calcium aborption

Answer 6

Parathyroid hormone and 1.25 dihidroxyvitamin (DHCC)

Question 7

What is the role of 1.25 dihydroxyvitamin

Answer 7

Controls calcium absorption and activates vitamin d

Question 8

What happens to PTH levels when calcium increases

Answer 8

PTH decreases

Question 9

What does PTH stimulate

Answer 9

Stimulates renal tubular calcium reorption and peromotes bone resorption, which stimulates DHCC formation

Question 10

Describe the 2 steps of calcium absorption

Answer 10

1. Absorption in small intestine occurs. Controlled by DHCC. 20%-60% of injested calcium is absorbed here. DHCC increaes absorption if dietary intake of calcium drops
2. In kidney, calcium is absorbed in thick acending loop and distal convulated tube. Here, pth increases apsorption levels.

Question 11

Name the cellular marker for osteoclast function

Answer 11

RANK ligand

Question 12

How does rank ligand work

Answer 12

When present, rank ligand stimulates osteoclasts. Estrogen produces OPG, which when binds to RANK inhibits rank ligand therefore inhibits osteoclast function,

Question 13

When does hypocalceamia occur

Answer 13

When there is decreased calcium levels in the body

Question 14

What is the hypercalaemia receptor

Answer 14

chief cells of the parathyroid gland detect decreased calcium

Question 15

What is the hypercalaemia control centre

Answer 15

Chief cells stimulate PTH release

Question 16

What is the hypercalaemia effector

Answer 16

1. PTH increase osteoclastic activity, releasing calcium
2. Calcium resorption in kidney increases
3. pth stimulates 1.25 DHCC to absorb calcium in the gut

Question 17

When does hypercalcaemia occur

Answer 17

When there are increased calcium levels in the body

Question 18

What i the hypercalcaemia receptor

Answer 18

Parafollicur cells of the thyroid gland that detect increased calcium levels

Question 19

WHat is the hypercalcaemia control centre

Answer 19

Thyroid gland produces more 1.25 DHCC

Question 20

What is the hypercalcaemia effector

Answer 20

1. 1.25 DHCC stimulates an increase in number/activity of osteoblasts, preventing calcium release
2. Calcium resorption in kidneys decreases

Question 21

What 2 joints do you find between vertebra

Answer 21

intervertebral discs and atricular process

Question 22

Describe intervertebral discs (structure and function)

Answer 22

concentric layers of fibrocartilage that helps carry weight

Question 23

Describe articular process joints

Answer 23

interlock at the facet joint and control the direction of movements

Question 24

What movements do vertebral joints allow

Answer 24

Straightening = extension

turning=rotation

Question 25

What limits excessive movement by vertebral joints

Answer 25

ligaments