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Oral Biology > Bone Metabolism > Flashcards

Bone Metabolism Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

osteoblast

A

type of bone cell
synthetic cells and produce bone matrix proteins like type 1 collagen, alkaline phosphatase, osteopontin and osteocalcin

osteocytes are entrapped within matrix after mature from osteoblasts

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2
Q

bone matrix proteins produced by osteoblasts

A

type 1 collagen
alkaline phosphatase
osteopontin and osteocalcin

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3
Q

osteoclasts

A

degradative cell- resporoption

multinucleated, ruffled border, tartrate- reistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), cathepsin K

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4
Q

origin of osteoclasts vs osteoblasts

A

osteoclacsts are hematopoietic origin as opposed to osteoblasts

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5
Q

what type of bone is seen in the skull more

A

more compact bone than spongy bone

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6
Q

T/F a lot of blood supply in the compact bone (located more on the outside)

A

TRUE

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7
Q

feature of spongy bone

A

gives maximum strength with minimum amount of weight

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8
Q

structures located in the central canal system of bones

A

artery with capillaries, vein, and nerve fiber

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9
Q

bulk of fibers in osteon are?

A

collagen fibers - which provides the maximum strength

the collagen fiber structure will dictate how large the crystals of mineral will be in the skeleton

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10
Q

T/F the blood vessels continue into the medullary cavity containing the marrow

A

TRUE

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11
Q

endosteum

A

layer of bone lining the bony canals and covering the trabeculae

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12
Q

synonyms for spongy bone

A

cancellous bone and trabeculae bone and diploe

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13
Q

where will you find an ossification center?

A

appears in the fibrous connective tissue membrane

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14
Q

describe an ossificatoin center in the fibrous connective tissue membrane

A

selected centrally located mesenchymal cells cluster and differentiate into osteoblasts, forming an ossification center

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15
Q

after an ossification center is seen/produced?

A

osteoblasts begin to secrete OSTEOID - which is the bone matrix and this is secreted within the fibrous membrane

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16
Q

where is the osteoid secretes?

A

WITHIN the fibrous membrane - the osteoblasts become osteocytes

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17
Q

when is the matrix mineralized once secreted?

A

within a few days

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18
Q

3rd step in bone formation

A

woven bone and periosteum form

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19
Q

4th step in bone formation

A

bone collar of compact bone forms and red marrow appears

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20
Q

describe what happens with woven bone and periosteum formation

A

accuulating osteoid is laid down BETWEEN EMBRYIONIC BLOOD VESSELS, which form a random network which is termed network of trabeculae NOT lamellae

vascularized mesenchyme condenses on the external face of the woven bone and become the periosteum

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21
Q

what forms the periosteum

A

condensing mesenchyme

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22
Q

describe the bone collar of compact bone forms and how red marrow appears (4th step)

A

trabeculae just deep to the periosteum thickening, forming a woven bone collar that is later replaced with mature lamellar bone

the spongy bone consisting of distinct trabeculae, persists internally and its vascular tissue becomes red marrow

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23
Q

another name for compact bone

A

lamellar bone

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24
Q

what becomes the red marrow

A

vascular tissue within the spongy bone/trabeculae

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25
Q

what forms the bone collar

A

thickening just beneath to the periosteum - later this is replaced with mature lamellar bone

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26
Q

what do the diploe cavities contain?

A

diploe (aka spongy bone) cavities contains red marrow

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27
Q

pre cursor of long bone formation

A

cartilage

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28
Q

what has to happen with a cartilage precursor bone formation?

A

chondrocytes have their anti-angiogenesis factor is blocked off/inhibited
bring in cells that are FIRST CAPABLE OF DEGRADING THE CARTILAGE MATRIX THEN MAKING BONE MATRIX

29
Q

first step in long bone formation

A

bone collar forms around the hyaline cartilage model and a primary ossification center in the middle is formed

30
Q

second step in long bone formartion

A

CAVITATION/ degradation of the hyaline cartilage WITHIN THE cartila
ge matrix
- see detiorating cartilage matrix

31
Q

third step in long bone formation

A

invasion of internal cavities by the periosteal bud and spongy bone formation

can start to see blood vessel of periosteal bud

32
Q

fourth stage in long bone formation

A

formation of the medullary cavity as the ossification continues; appearance of secondary ossification centers in the epiphyses
(in prep for stage five)

epiphyseal blood vessels - in the secondary ossification center

33
Q

where is the second ossification center seen

A

in the epiphyses of long bones

34
Q

stage 5 in long bone ossification

A

ossificatoin of the epiphyses - when completed - only the hyaline cartilage remains over the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages

35
Q

where is hyaline cartilage when long bone ossification is completed

A

only still persists in the epiphysal plate of the long bone and as articular cartilage at the end of them

36
Q

what is the mechanism of continued growth in long bones

A

via ZONE OF PROLIFERATION

37
Q

zone of proliferation

A

growth zone - continued lenghtening of the long bones via this center
- cartilage cells undergo mitosis

38
Q

what is required for control of bone growth

A

hormones are necessary

39
Q

when will the epiphyseal plates close?

A

about at the time of puberty in response to sex hormones

40
Q

how much of the organic matrix of bone contributes to its weight

A

45-60% of dry weight of bone is the organic matrix

41
Q

what is the primary protein in the organic matrix of bone

A

Type 1 collagen

42
Q

what is the configuration of the organic matrix of bone

A

quarter stagger configuration of tropocollagen molecules resulting in “hole regions” in which mineral is deposited

43
Q

T/F there are non-collagenous proteins of bone in the organic matrix

A

TRUE

44
Q

Bone as a morphogenetic matrix implications

A

Demineralized matrix can induce cellular differentiation
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins - BMP’s
Potential for clinical use

45
Q

a demineralized matrix can…

A

induce cellular differentiation through BMP’s - which can stimulate osteoblastic differentiation and bone formation

46
Q

noncollagenous proteins of bone functions (4 main)

A
  1. direct cell binding both osteoblasts and osteoclasts
  2. control spatial arrangement of mineral deposition
  3. Control mineral nucleation +/- with temporal control
  4. Control Rates and sires of mineral resorption
47
Q

examples of Noncollagenous proteins of bone

A 
Osteonectin
Osteopontin
Alkaline Phosphatase 
Growth Factors: PDGF(platalet derived growth factor), alpga 2 macroglobulin
Osteocalcin
48
Q

osteonectin is a?

A

noncollagenous protein of bone and is a Ca++ binding protein

49
Q

osteopontin is a ?

A

noncollagenous protein of bone and known as an “RGD” sequence which stands for arg-gly-asp and mediates attachment

50
Q

alkaline phosphatase is

A

noncollagenous protein of bone

51
Q

growth factors regarding noncollagenous protein of bone

A

PDGF, alpha- 2 macroglobulin and the major source of this is within the skeleton

52
Q

osteocalcin is?

what does it contain? implications of production and function

A

noncollagenous protein of bone and contains gamme-carboxy glutamic acid
DEPENDENT on vitamin D for production and DEPENDENT on Vitamin K for function

GLA produces binding site for calcium

53
Q

what does GLA produce?

A

a binding site for calcium - GLA is contained in the noncollagenous protein of bone known as osteocalcin

54
Q

primary mineral component in bone

A

calcium phosphate in FORM OF HYDROXYAPATITE CRYSTALS

55
Q

formula for hydroxyapatite

A

[ca12(po4)6(OH)2]

56
Q

what can be substituted into the crystals and implicatoin

A

other ions like carbonate, fluoride, hydroxyl

substitutions will change characteristics of the the mineral and the composition

57
Q

control of mineral deposition

A

nucleation of mineral deposition

crystal growth

58
Q

T/F enamel does not limitations on growth like bone crystals do

A

TRUE

- a much larger crystal size is seen in enamel than in bone

59
Q

initiation of mineral deposition

A
  1. increase calcium and/or phosphate concentrations
  2. removing inhibitors of mineral deposition
  3. synthesis of molecules as nucleation sites
60
Q

inhibitors of mineral deposition

A

pyrophosphate

magnesium

61
Q

what molecules are synthesized at nucleation sites in favor of initiating mineral deposition

A

collagen and phosphoproteins

62
Q

bisphosponate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw

A

6-11% of patients who have been treated with bisphosphaonate drugs for their cancer (multiple myeloma)

63
Q

aminobisphosphonates

A

implication in eventually getting BRONJ - and in patients who have had recent dental extractions

64
Q

half life for bisphosphonates

A

up to 12 years -a lot of implications with this

65
Q

what does bisphosponates do

A

inhibit the osteoclast function - and can induce apoptosis so remodeling of bone does not occur and brittle bone disease can insue

66
Q

what do bisphosphonates have a high affanity for

A

hydroxyapatite crystals

67
Q

facts about bisphosphonates

A

analagous to inorganic pyrophosphates with low intestinal absoprtion, secreted through the kidney without metabolic alteration and are incorporated into the skeleton without being degraded

68
Q

T/F the bisphosponates are degraded

A

false - they are incorporated into the skeleton without being degraded

Oral Biology (12 decks)

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