bone growth and fracture repair

Question 1

what is the diaphysis ?

Answer 1

the shaft

Question 2

what is the metaphysis ?

Answer 2

the flare at the end of the shaft

Question 3

what is the epiphysis ?

Answer 3

the head/ joint side of physis

Question 4

what is compact bone ?

Answer 4

hard outer bone
in diaphysis
resists bending and torsion

Question 5

what is cancellous bone ?

Answer 5

spongy bone
metaphysis
resists compression 
site of growth 
biologically active

Question 6

what is stage 1 of fracture repair ?

Answer 6

inflammation

immediately after fracture, haematoma and fibrin clot
white cells flood in

Question 7

what is stage 2 of fracture healing ?

Answer 7

soft callus

begins when pain and swelling subside
lasts until bony fragments are united by cartilage or fibrous tissue
some stability of fracture

Question 8

how can you assist in stage 2 of fracture repair ?

Answer 8

replace cartilage - demineralised bone matrix

bone grafts - autogenous cancellous bone graft

Question 9

what is stage 3 of fracture repair ?

Answer 9

hard callus

conversion of cartilage to woven bone
increasing rigidity

Question 10

what is stage 4 of fracture healing ?

Answer 10

bone remodelling

conversion of lamellar bone
medullary canal reconstituted
bone responds to loading characteristics

Question 11

what can cause a delayed union of fractures ?

Answer 11

high energy injury
instability
infection
steroids
immune suppressants
smoking
warfarin
NSAIDs 
ciprofloxacin