Bone Growth

Question 1

zones of growth in epiphyseal plate

Answer 1

resting, proliferating, hypertrophic, and calcified

Question 2

resting cartilage

Answer 2

anchors growth plate to bone (mostly empty, small ovals)

Question 3

proliferating cartilage

Answer 3

rapid cell division (looks like stacked coins/caterpillars)

Question 4

hypertrophic cartilage

Answer 4

cells enlarged + remain in columns (looks kinda like adipose)

Question 5

calcified cartilage

Answer 5

thin zone, mostly dead cells (no nucleus), osteoclasts removing matrix and osteoblasts and capillaries move in to create bone over calcified cartilage

Question 6

bones can grow in thickness or diameter only by

Answer 6

appositional growth

Question 7

appositional growth steps

Answer 7

periosteal cells differentiate into osteoblasts that secrete collagen fibers and organic molecules to form matrix, ridges fuse and periosteum becomes endosteum, new concentric lamellae are formed, osteoblasts under the periosteum form new circumferential lamellae

Question 8

growth in width

Answer 8

only by appositional growth at bone’s surface

Question 9

growth in width steps

Answer 9

periosteal cells differentiate into osteoblasts and form bony ridges and then a tunnel around periosteal blood vessel, concentric lamellae fill in the tunnel to form an osteon

Question 10

factors that affect bone growth

Answer 10

minerals, vitamins, hormones, exercise

Question 11

minerals needed for bone growth

Answer 11

calcium, boron, fluoride, magnesium, phosphorus, manganese

Question 12

vitamins needed for bone growth

Answer 12

A, B12, D, C

Question 13

vitamin d

Answer 13

(calcitriol), increases calcium absorption

Question 14

hormones needed for bone growth

Answer 14

human growth hormones, insulin-like growth factor, insulin and thyroid hormones, sex hormones

Question 15

human growth hormone

Answer 15

general body tissue growth and normal growth in children

Question 16

insulin-like growth factor

Answer 16

stimulates uptake of amino acids and protein synthesis

Question 17

insulin and thyroid hormones

Answer 17

normal bone growth and maturity

Question 18

sex hormones

Answer 18

increase osteogenesis at puberty, creates gender differences in skeletons

Question 19

calcium homeostasis

Answer 19

high CA in blood -> thyroid gland releases calcitonin -> promotes deposition of CA into bone matrix -> blood CA decreases -> low CA blood level -> parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone -> promotes release of CA from bone matrix into blood -> blood CA level increases (possible ->) stimulates kidneys to release calcitriol -> stimulates increased absorption of CA from foods -> increases blood CA