Bone disease Flashcards
what is arthritis ?
inflammation of joints
what is arthrosis?
non-inflammatory joint condition
what is athralgia?
joint pain
what are the components of bone?
-calcium
-vit D
-phosphate
what is stored in bone?
calcium- exchangeable and non exchangeable
what controls calcium serum levels in blood?
the parathyroid
what is hypoparathyroidism?
low calcium serum levels
what is hyperparathyroidism?
high calcium serum levels due to primary or secondary failure
what is hyperparathyroidism?
high calcium serum levels
- inappropriate activation of osteoclastic bone resorption to remove calcium from bone into blood
how does the parathyroid control calcium serum levels ?
-increases vit d
-reduces calcium renal excretion
-promotes bone loss- by taking calcium from bone into blood
what does the parathyroid release?
PTH
how can you increase vitamin D?
-sun exposure
-fish
-oranges
why might their be a vitamin d deficiency ?
-low sun exposure
-GI disease
-malnutrition
-drugs interactions eg epileptic drugs
what can calcium deficiencies cause?
osteomalacia and osteoporosis
what is osteomalacia?
poorly mineralised bone
during bone formation- rickets
after bone formation- osteomalacia (vertebral compression in adults )
what are the effects of osteomalacia and how is it treated?
soft malleable bone that bends under pressure- rickets/vertebral compression
-correct the cause eg malnutrition/GI disease
-dietary vit d and calcium
-sun exposure
what is osteoporosis?
reduced quantity of normally mineralised bone i.e reduced bone mass
INEVITABLE AND AGE RELATED CHANGE
what are the risk factors of osteoporosis ?
inevitable
- age
-female (oestrogen and testosterone deficiency)
-inactivity
-smoking
-alcohol
-cushings (inc corticosteroids)
-genetics/family history
-poor calcium in diet
why is osteoporosis more common in female than males?
-because males have a higher peak bone mass
-oestrogen withdrawal in menopausal women increases bone mass loss
-peak bone mass in ages 24-35
what are the effects of osteoporosis?
- fractures- hip and wrist commonly
(hip inc mortality as fully dependent) - height loss- kyphosis and scoliosis
- nerve root compression- back pain
-lifetime risk of hip fracture
-hip fracture- unable to walk or live independently
how can you prevent osteoporosis?
-reach higher peak bone mass as it will take longer to cause osteoporotic effects
-exercise, vit d and calcium dietary intake
-bisphosphonates
-hormone replacement therapy (oestrogen)
what is HRT?
-hormone replacement therapy- oestrogen therapy reduces osteoporosis risks but increases risk of other conditions
-if stopped benefits stop after 5 years
what are bisphosphonates ?
“ates”
-slow rate of bone loss
-reduces no of osteoclasts and stop their action
-example = alendronate
-very effective at reducing fracture risk
-if IV- major problem with dental extractions- osteonecrosis -MRONJ (as osteoclasts needed for bone healing)
