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Anatomy Unit 3- Sav > Bone Development Histology > Flashcards

Bone Development Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Process of bone ossification

A

Osteogensis

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2
Q

What are the two types of ossification?

A

Intamembranous and Endochondral

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3
Q
  • No hyaline cartilage model precursor

- Mesenchyme to Bone

A

Intanmembranous Ossification

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4
Q
  • Hyaline cartilage model precursor

- Mesenchyme to Hyaline to Hyaline cartilage to Bone

A

Endochondral Ossification

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5
Q

What type of tissue is bone?

A

Connective

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6
Q

What does bone arise from?

A

Mesenchyme

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7
Q

When does intramembranous ossification occur?

A

8th week of gestation

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8
Q

Hyaline cartilage takes on initial shape of bone as well as bones place in the body

A

Hyaline cartilage model

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9
Q

A- Ossification centers form within thickened regions of mesenchyme
B- Osteoid endergoes calcification
C- Woven bone and surrounding periosteum form
D- Lamellar bone replaces woven bone, as compact and spongy bone form

A

Intramembranous ossification

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10
Q

Where is spongy bone formed?

A

Between 2 layers of compact bone

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11
Q

What is one characteristic of all connective tissues?

A

They arise from embryonic connective tissue called mesenchyme

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12
Q

Leads to the production of flat bones of the skull and the bones of the face

A

Intramembranous Ossification

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13
Q

Woven or immature bone

A

Primary

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14
Q

Lamellar or mature bone

A

Secondary

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15
Q

Eroded and replaced with bone

A

Hyaline cartilage model

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16
Q

Leads to the production of most short and long bones of the body

A

Endochondral ossification

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17
Q

When are the first hyaline cartilage models visible?

A

6th week of gestation

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18
Q

When are ossification centers of long bones of the limns present?

A

By 12th week of gestation

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19
Q

In intramembranous ossification, Elongated, pale-staining, mesenchymal cells cluster and differentiate to

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

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20
Q

In intramembranous ossification, What happens when cells differentiate into osteoprogenitor cells?

A

They become more rounded, while their cytoplasm changes from eosinophilic to basophilic

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21
Q

What is the basophilic cytoplasm change a result of?

A

More rough ER

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22
Q

What do osteroprogenitor cells differentiate into?

A

Osteoblasts

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23
Q

What do clusters of osteoblasts create?

A

The ossification center

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24
Q

Organic extracellular matrix

A

Osteoid

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25
Q

What secrete osteoid?

A

Osteoblasts while creating the ossification center

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26
Q

Where are calcium and other mineral salts deposited during calcification?

A

Around the framework of collagen fibers

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27
Q

Cells that are trapped in the calcifying osteoid

A

Osteocytes

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28
Q

Where do osteocytes sit?

A

In lacunae

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29
Q

Produced in small irregularly shaped pieces or spicules that are increased in size by apposition growth

A

Woven bone in Intramembraous ossification

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30
Q

Growth along the surface

A

Apposition growth

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31
Q

Small patches of bone production merge together to produce

A

A labyrinth of woven bone

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32
Q

The spaces between the bone spicules that are infiltrated with embryonic blood vessels differentiate into

A

Red bone marrow

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33
Q

The mesenchyme at the periphery of the bone condenses and forms the

A

Periosteum

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34
Q

What is woven bone replaced by?

A

Lamellar bond

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35
Q

What does lamellar bone form in intramembranous ossification?

A

Compact and spongy bone

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36
Q

Loosely organized embryonic connective tissue

A

Mesenchyme

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37
Q

Elongated, pale-staining, undifferentiated cells

A

Mesenchymal cells

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38
Q

Thin cytoplasmic processes

A

Mesenchymal cells

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39
Q
  1. Fetal hyaline cartilage model develops
  2. Cartilage calcifies and a periosteal bone collar forms around the diaphysis
  3. Primary ossification center forms in the diaphysis
  4. Secondary ossification centers form in the epiphysis
  5. Bone replaces cartilage except the articular cartilage and epiphyseal plates
  6. Epiphyseal plates ossify and form epiphyseal lines
A

Endochondral ossification

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40
Q

In endochondral ossification, mesenchymal cells aggregate and differentiate into

A

Chondroblasts

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41
Q

Secrete matrix, including type II collagen and produce the hyaline cartilage model

A

Chondroblasts

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42
Q

Formed from the mesenchyme where bone is going to form and in a similar shape

A

Hyaline cartilage model

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43
Q

How does hyaline cartilage grow?

A

Interstitial growth and appositional growth

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44
Q

What causes interstitial growth in endochondral ossification?

A

Activity of chondrocytes located in lacunae

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45
Q

What causes appositional growth in endochondral ossification?

A

Activity of chondroblasts at the surface

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46
Q

Where does a bone collar form in endochondral ossification?

A

Around the diaphysis

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47
Q

What does the perichondrium near the nid-region of the cartilage model contain?

A

Progenitor cells that differentiate into osteoblasts

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48
Q

When does perichondrium become functional periosteum?

A

When Progenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts instead of chondroblasts

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49
Q

What creates a bone collar around the mid-section of the hyaline cartilage model?

A

Osteoblasts that secrete osteoid, that becomes calcified

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50
Q

How does the bone collar effect underlying cartilage?

A

Impedes the diffusion of oxygen and nutrients

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51
Q

In the mid-region begin to accumulate glycogen, undergo hypertrophy (swell up) and produce alkaline phosphatase

A

Chondrocytes

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52
Q

Compress the matrix and signal the surrounding matrix to calcify

A

Changes to chondrocytes in mid-region from formation of bone collar

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53
Q

What is hyaline cartilage primarily made of?

A

Type II collagen

54
Q

What is bone primarily made of?

A

Type I collagen

55
Q

What color does calcified hyaline cartilage stain with H and E stain?

A

blue/purple

56
Q

What color do newly formed bones stain with H and E stain?

A

pink/red

57
Q

What cannot take place through calcified cartilage matrix

A

Diffusion, Chondrocytes can no longer get the nutrients they need

58
Q

Why does the matrix break down?

A

No present chondrocytes

59
Q

Capillaries and osteoprogenitor cells from the new periosteum penetrate the

A

Bone collar and grow into the disintegrating calcified cartilage location

60
Q

What does the penetration of the bone collar and growth into calcified cartilage induce?

A

The creation of the primary ossification center

61
Q

What is important for the development of the bone marrow for the medullary cavity?

A

Blood vessels entering open space at the core of the diaphysis

62
Q

Differentiate into osteoblasts at the opening space at the core of the diaphysis

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

63
Q

Deposit bone matrix against the remnants of the calcified cartilage

A

Osteoblasts

64
Q

Produced along the side of the remaining spicules of calcified cartilage

A

Woven bone

65
Q

Eosinophilic

A

Primary bone

66
Q

Basophilic

A

Calcified cartilage

67
Q

No chondrocytes present in endochondral ossification

A

Calcified cartilage

68
Q

Where is the primary ossification center found?

A

Diaphysis

69
Q

Where it hylaine cartilage found when primary ossification center is present

A

Epiphyses

70
Q

When do secondary ossification centers develop?

A

After birth

71
Q

Where do secondary ossification centers form?

A

Epiphyses

72
Q

Chondrocytes in epiphyses undergo

A

Hypertrophy

73
Q

The cartilage matrix is compressed, the cartilage matrix calcifies, and the chondrocytes subsequently die: Which leads to

A

Opening up of spaces between spicules of calcified cartilage

74
Q

Enter the spaces that have been opened up in the epiphyses and secondary ossification centers develop.

A

Blood vessels and osteoprogenitor cells

75
Q

Hyaline cartilage is retained on the ends of the model and becomes

A

Articular cartilage

76
Q

Used for cushioning of bone ends participating in joints

A

Articular cartilage

77
Q

The remnant of hyaline cartilage between the epiphysis and the flared portion of the diaphysis is retained as the epiphyseal plate, which will be responsible for

A

Lengthwise growth of long bones

78
Q

Flared portion of the diaphysis

A

Metaphysis

79
Q

Epiphyseal cartilage is replaced with bone forming the

A

Epiphyseal line

80
Q

What causes the formation of the epiphyseal line?

A

Hormone changes

81
Q

Marks the end of growth in terms of height

A

End of puberty

82
Q

The remnant of the last location of the epiphyseal plate.

A

Epiphyseal line

83
Q

Long bones increase in ______ during infancy and youth

A

Length

84
Q

What process allows bone to increase in length during infancy and youth?

A

Endochondral ossification at epiphyseal plate

85
Q

Found between the epiphysis and the metaphysis

A

Epiphyseal plate

86
Q

Composed of hyaline cartilage that can be divided into different zones

A

Epiphyseal plate

87
Q

Zone 1

A

Zone of resting cartilage

88
Q

Zone 2

A

Zone of proliferating cartilage

89
Q

Zone 3

A

Zone of hypertrophic cartilage

90
Q

Zone 4

A

Zone of calcified cartilage

91
Q

Zone 5

A

Zone of ossification

92
Q

Zone closest to the epiphysis

A

Zone of resting cartilage

93
Q

Chondrocytes singularly or in very small groups

A

Zone of resting cartilage

94
Q

Cartilage cells are undergoing mitosis and are stacking up like coins in line with the long axis of the bone

A

Zone of proliferation

95
Q

Stacks of cartilage cells that look like coins

A

Isogenous groups

96
Q

What do isogenous groups produce?

A

Matrix

97
Q

Epiphysis is pushed away from the diaphysis causing the bone to lengthen in what zone?

A

Zone of proliferation

98
Q

Chondrocytes increase in size.

A

Zone of Hypertrophy

99
Q
  • The cytoplasm of the chondrocytes accumulates glycogen.

- The matrix is compressed/thinned due to the expansion of the cells.

A

Zone of Hypertrophy

100
Q

The cartilage matrix begins to calcify through the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals.

A

Zone of Calcified Cartilage

101
Q

Calcified cartilage matrix stains

A

Basophilic

102
Q

The chondrocytes can no longer receive the nutrients they need via diffusion and they die because of

A

Calcified cartilage

103
Q

This zone is in direct contact with marrow tissue, as it right next to the diaphysis.

A

Zone of ossification

104
Q

Small blood vessels, blood cells, osteoprogenitor cells, and osteoclasts enter into the spaces previously occupied by the chondrocytes.

A

Zone of ossification

105
Q

Bone (specifically primary/woven bone) is laid down by osteoblasts onto the calcified cartilage spicules that were left behind.

A

Zone of ossification

106
Q

What does bone stain?

A

Eosinophilic

107
Q

Eventually, much of this new bone and calcified cartilage will be eroded by the osteoclasts, so that secondary bone can be developed or to add space to the already existing medullary cavity.

A

Zone of ossification

108
Q

The epiphyseal plate remains the same _____ during growth

A

Width

109
Q

Cartilage growth must equal

A

Bone tissue replacement

110
Q

At epiphyseal plate closure - hormones signal for the end of chondrocyte division and bone replaces all of the cartilage. Producing..

A

Epiphyseal line

111
Q

Zone is composed of quiescent hyaline cartilage

A

Zone of resting cartilage

112
Q

Chondrocytes have the characteristic appearance of stacking like coins along the long axis of the bone. Chondrocytes in this region are actively undergoing mitosis and matrix production. This causes the lengthening of the long bone

A

Zone of proliferation

113
Q

Where chondrocytes undergo hypertrophy and compress the matrix.

A

Zone of hypertrophy

114
Q

Where the cartilage matrix calcifies, the chondrocytes die, and spaces open up.

A

Zone of calcified cartilage

115
Q

In this region, items such as blood vessels and osteoprogenitor cells enter into the now open spaces and osteoblasts start to produce primary (woven) bone.

A

Zone of ossification

116
Q

Chondrocytes looklike they are being chased by

A

Bone cells

117
Q

Appears that bone cells have caught up with chondrocytes

A

Epiphyseal plate closure

118
Q

What happens to bone with appositional growth?

A

Increases in diameter and width

119
Q

What happens at periosteal surface of bone in appositional growth?

A

Osteoblasts secrete bone matrix

120
Q

What happens at endosteal surface of bone in appositional growth?

A

Osteoclasts breakdown bone matrix

121
Q

Two controls impacting bone remodeling

A
  • Negative feedback loop for maintenance of Calcium homeostasis
  • Bone’s response to mechanical stress and gravity
122
Q

Impacts when remodeling occurs

A

Negative Feedback Loop of Maintenance of Calcium Homeostasis

123
Q

Impacts where remodeling occurs

A

Bone’s response to mechanical stress and gravity

124
Q

Deposit and removal of bone

A

Bone remodeling

125
Q

How much of your bone do you remodel every year?

A

5-10%

126
Q

Controls for remodeling

A

Negative feedback loop, mechanical stresses and gravity

127
Q

Maintains the homeostasis of a certain amount of Ca2+ in the blood through the release of the hormones calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

A

Negative feedback loop

128
Q

Important in the blood as it is needed for many physiological processes.

A

Ca 2 +

129
Q

What secretes calcitonin?

A

Parafollicular cells

130
Q

Inhibits osteoclasts, and therefore bone resorption

A

Calcitonin

131
Q

What secretes parathyroid hormone?

A

Parathyroid glands

132
Q

Stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone

A

Parathyroid hormone

Anatomy Unit 3- Sav (5 decks)

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