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Anatomy Unit 3- Sav > Blood and Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

Blood and Hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is a

A

Connective tissue

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2
Q

Total blood volume

A

~5-6 L or ~8% total body weight

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3
Q
  • Delivery of O2 and nutrients to cells
  • Transport of wastes and CO2 from cells
  • Transport of hormones and other regulatory substances
  • Maintenance of homeostasis by acting as buffer and participating in coagulation and thermoregulation
  • Protective role via transport of immune cells and immune components
A

Functions of blood

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4
Q

What does blood deliver to cells

A

O2 and nutrients

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5
Q

What does blood transport from cells

A

Waters and Co2 from cells

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6
Q

Acts as buffer and participating in coagulation and thermoregulation

A

Maintenance of homeostasis

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7
Q

defined as cells in an extracellular matrix

A

Connective tissue

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8
Q

Provide the transportation system for blood through the body.

A

Heart and blood vessels

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9
Q

Acts as a double pump for the system

A

Heart

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10
Q

Provide distribution pathways

A

Blood vessels

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11
Q

Main 3 functions of blood

A
  • Distribution
  • Regulation
  • Protection
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12
Q

absorbs and distributes heat around body; brings it to surface of the skin to cool

A

Bloods role in thermoregulation

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13
Q

blood acts as the reservoir fort the body’s

A

Alkaline reserve of bicarbonate atoms

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14
Q

CO2 carried in blood is transported as

A

Bicarbonate ions (70%)

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15
Q

How does blood prevent blood loss

A

Coagulation

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16
Q

What causes blood clots

A

platelets and plasma proteins

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17
Q

What is blood composed of

A
  • Formed elements

- Plasma

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18
Q

Formed elements of blood

A
  • Cells

- Cell fragments

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19
Q

Where do the formed elements of blood arise from?

A

Hemtopoietic stem cells

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20
Q

Cells in the blood

A
  • Erthryocytes (RBS)

- Leukocytes

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21
Q

Are RBC true cells?

A

NO

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22
Q

What are cell fragments

A

Thrombocytes (plasma)

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23
Q

Protein-rich, fluid extracellular matrix

A

Plasma

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24
Q

Volume of packed red blood cells in a sample of blood

A

Hematocrit

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25
Q

How is hematocrit measured?

A

Centrifuging blood sample and calcutating perfectage of tube volume

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26
Q

Percentage of tube volume occupied RBCs as compared to whole blood

A

How hematocrit is measured

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27
Q

What is the relative volume of RBC in hematocrit?

A

45%

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28
Q

What is the relative volume of Plasma in hematocrit?

A

55%

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29
Q

What is the relative volume of buffy coat in hematocrit?

A

1%

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30
Q

What is in buffy coat?

A

Leukocytes and platelets

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31
Q

Normal hematocrite in males

A

39-50%

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32
Q

What is the normal hematocrite in females

A

35%-45%

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33
Q

What are the components of plasma?

A
  • Water
  • Plasma proteins
  • Other solutes
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34
Q

Give percentages of plasma components

A

Water- >90
Plasma proteins 7
Other solutes 1

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35
Q

What is solvent for a variety of colutes in plasma

A

Water

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36
Q

Helps maintain homeostasis (providing optimal pH and osmolarity)

A

Water

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37
Q
  • Albumin
  • Globulins
  • Fibrinogen
A

Plasma proteins

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38
Q

Electrolytes, non-protein nitrogen substances (i.e., waste materials), nutrients, blood gases, regulatory substances

A

Solutes in plasma

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39
Q

What makes up half of the plasma proteins?

A

Albumin

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40
Q

Where are plasma proteins made?

A

In the liver

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41
Q

Exerts concentration gradient; helps maintain osmotic pressure

A

Albumin

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42
Q

Acts as carrier protein, for substances such as hormones, metabolites, and drugs

A

Albumin

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43
Q

antibodies secreted by plasma cells

A

Immunoglobulins (γ-globulins)

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44
Q

produced by liver; help maintain osmotic pressure and serve as carrier proteins

A

Nonimmune globins (α- and β-globulins)

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45
Q
  • Soluble

- Via series of cascade reactions, transformed into insoluble protein fibrin which helps form blot clots

A

Fibrinogen

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46
Q

drop of blood placed directly on slide and spread thinly over surface with edge of another slide

A

Blood smear

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47
Q

Produces monolayer of cells

A

Blood smear

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48
Q

Blood smear is air dried and stained with

A

Wright’s stain

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49
Q

Mixture of methylene blue (basic), azures (basic), and eosin (acidic)

A

Wrights stain

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50
Q

devoid of typical organelles

A

Anucleate cells

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51
Q

What type of cells are Erythrocytes?

A

Anucleate cells

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52
Q

Bind and deliver O2 (99%) to tissues and bind CO2 (30%) to remove from tissues

A

RBC

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53
Q

What shape are RBC

A

Biconcave

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54
Q

Diameter of RBC

A

7.8 um

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55
Q

What is important of the shape of a RBC

A

It maximizes surface area - important for gas exchange

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56
Q

Where does production of RBC occur?

A

Red bone marrow

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57
Q

Production of RBC

A

Erythropoiesis

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58
Q

Life span of a RBC

A

120 days

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59
Q

Rate of release of RBC

A

2 million/sec

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60
Q

specialized protein involved in binding, transporting, and releasing O2 and CO2

A

Hemoglobin

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61
Q
  • Four polypeptide chains of globin (α, β, δ, γ)

- Four iron-containing heme groups

A

Structure of hemoglobin

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62
Q

What does iron bind to in hemoglobin

A

One O2 molecule

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63
Q

Each hemoglobin protein binds to

A

4 O2 molecules

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64
Q

What is the most common type of hemoglobin composed of?

A

two α and two β chains

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65
Q

subclassified into two general groups based upon presence or absence of prominent specific granules within cytoplasm and the shape of their nuclei

A

Leukocytes

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66
Q

Two types of leukocytes

A
  1. Polymorphonuclear granulocytes

2. Mononuclear agranulocytes

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67
Q

Contain specific granules and have multilobed nuclei; also possess azurophilic granules

A

Polymorphonuclear Granulocytes

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68
Q

What type of WBC are polymorphonuclear granuloctyes

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
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69
Q

No specific granules and have rounded nuclei; do contain azurophilic granules

A

Mononuclear Agranulocytes

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70
Q

Types of Mononuclear Agranulocytes

A
  • Lymphocytes

- Monocytes

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71
Q

Types of lymphocytes

A
  • B lymphocytes
  • T lymphocytes
  • Natural Killer (NK) cells
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72
Q

Most numerous leukocytes

A

Neutrophils

73
Q

Cytoplasm of neutrophils

A

Small faint lavender granues

74
Q

Granule contents of neutrophils

A
  • Lysozyme (specific granules)

- Peroxidases (azurophilic granules)

75
Q

Nucleus of neutrophils

A

Darkish, several lobes

76
Q
  • First responders to infection
  • Acute inflammation
  • Phagocytose bacteria within tissues; accumulate as pus
A

Function of neutrophils

77
Q

Comprise 1%-5% of leukocytes

A

Eosinophils

78
Q

Cytoplasm of eosinophils

A

Large coarse acidophillic granules

79
Q

Granule content of eosinophils

A
  • Peroxidase
  • Histaminase
  • Arylsulfatase
80
Q

Nucleus of Eosinophils

A

Llight, bilobed

81
Q

Contribute to defense of parasitic infections (major role in defense against helminths (worms))

A

Eosinophils

82
Q

Associated with allergies; release of histaminase & arylsulfatase moderates potentially harmful effects of inflammatory vasoactive mediators

A

Eosinophils

83
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

Eosinophils

84
Q

Least abundant leukocyte

A

Basophils

85
Q

How his the cytoplasm of basophils?

A

Large coarse basophilic granules

86
Q

Granule content of basophils

A

Histamine, serotonin, heparin sulfate

87
Q

How is the nucleus of basophils?

A

Light, bilobed

88
Q
  • Involved in regulating immune response to parasites

- Role in allergies via release of vasoactive agents (e.g. histamine)

A

Basophils function

89
Q

Comprise 26-28% leukocytes

A

Lymphocytes

90
Q

Cytoplasm of lymphocytes

A

Narrow rim of blue cytoplasm

91
Q

Nucleus of lymphocytes

A

Very dark, takes up all of the cell, round, slightly indented

92
Q

Types of lymphocytes

A
  • T lymphocytes
  • B lymphocytes
  • Natural Killer (NK) cells
93
Q

Where do T lymphocytes mature?

A

Thymus

94
Q

Adaptive immune cells; cell-mediated immunity

A

T lymphocytes

95
Q

Adaptive immune cells; humoral immunity

A

B lymphocytes

96
Q

What are B lymphocytes responsible for?

A

Production of antibodies

97
Q

Innate immune cells; kill virally infected and malignant cells

A

Natural killer (NK) cells

98
Q

How is the cytoplasm of monocytes

A

Gray (foamy) texture

99
Q

How is the nucleus in a monocytes

A

darkish; large, off-center; oval, kidney, or horseshoe shaped

100
Q

Differentiate into macrophages within body tissues

A

Monocytes

101
Q

serve as phagocytic cells involved in antigen presentation

A

Monocytes as macrophages

102
Q

Large cells within bone marrow

A

Megakaryocytes

103
Q

Thrombocytes are

A

Platelets

104
Q

Where are thrombocytes derived from?

A

Megakaryocytes

105
Q

separate from peripheral margins of megakaryocyte forming thrombocytes (platelets)

A

Small bits of cytoplasm

106
Q

Lifespan of thrombocyte

A

10 days

107
Q

Small disc shaped structures

A

Thrombocytes

108
Q

blot clot formation and repair of tears in blood vessel wall

A

Thrombocytes (platelets)

109
Q

process of blood cell production and maturation

A

Hematopoiesis

110
Q

to maintain constant level of the different blood cell types within blood

A

Purpose of hematopoiesis

111
Q

Hematopoiesis of RBC

A

Erythropoiesis

112
Q

HEmatopoiesis of white blood cells

A

Leukopoiesis

113
Q
  • Granulopoiesis
  • Monocytopoiesis
  • Lymphopoiesis
A

Forms of Leukopoiesis

114
Q

Hematopoiesis of platelets

A

Thrombopoiesis

115
Q

When is hematopoiesis initiated?

A

Early embryonic development

116
Q

Phases of hematopoiesis

A
  • Yolk- sac phase
  • Hepatic phase
  • Bone marrow phase
117
Q

Hematopoiesis after birth

A

Red bone marrow

118
Q

The monophyletic theory states that all blood cells are derived from a common

A

pluripotential stem cell: hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)

119
Q

All blood cells are derived from a common pluripotential stem cell: hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)

A

Monophyletic theory

120
Q

Capable not only of differentiating into all the blood cell lineages, but also capable of self-renewal

A

Pluripotential stem cell: hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)

121
Q

What does HSC break into

A

HSC & Progenitor cells

122
Q

In the bone marrow, descendents of the HSC can differentiate into 2 major colonies of mulitpotential progenitor cells:

A
  1. Common Myeloid Progenitor (CMP)

2. Common Lymphoid Progenitor (CLP)

123
Q

-Start to get an idea or suggestion of what they will become

A

Blast cells

124
Q

Cells that have a lot of mitosis

A

Blast cells

125
Q

Only undergo some mitosis

A

Stem and progenitor cells

126
Q

Only undergo mitosis to maintain their populations

A

Stem and progenitor cells

127
Q

Under great mitosis producing only cells on their way to differentiation,

A

Blast cells

128
Q

Undergo asymmetric mitosis

A

Stem and progenitor cells

129
Q

Common myeloid progenitor differentiate into lineage-restricted progenitors

A
  • Megakaryocyte/Erythrocyte

- Granulocyte/Monocyte

130
Q

Previously called “colony-forming units-granulocyte, erythrocyte, monocyte, megakaryocyte” (CFU-GEMM)

A

Common myeloid progenitor cells

131
Q

Previously called “colony-forming units-lymphoid”

A

Common lymphoid progenitor cells

132
Q

Gives rise to T cells, B cells, and Natural Killer (NK) cells

A

Common lymphoid progenitor cells

133
Q

Progenitor cells develop into

A

Precursor cells or blasts

134
Q

Morphological characteristics begin to differentiate

A

Blast cells

135
Q

Large amount of mitosis – but only produce cells on the way to differentiation

A

Blast cells

136
Q

The higher the potentiality, the lower the

A

Mitotic rate

137
Q

The lower the potentiality the higher the

A

Mitotic rate

138
Q

Process of blood cell production and maturation

A

Hematopoiesis

139
Q

to maintain constant level of the different blood cell types within blood:

A

Purpose of hematopoiesis

140
Q
  • Large cell (12-20μm); large, spherical nucleus with 1 to 2 nucleoli
  • Cytoplasm shows mild basophilia (free ribosomes)
A

Proerythroblast

141
Q

Development of erythrocytes within bone marrow

A

Erythropoiesis

142
Q

dark-staining, condensed; inactive

A

Heterochromatin

143
Q

HSC->CMP->MEP->ErP:

A

Note

144
Q
  • Nucleus 10-16μm in diameter; progressively more heterochromatic
  • Cytoplasm strongly basophilic due to large numbers free ribosomes (polyribosomes) that synthesize hemoglobin
A

Basophilic Erythroblast

145
Q

Free ribosomes that synthesize hemoglobin

A

Polyribosomes

146
Q
  • Cytoplasm displays both acidophilia (hemoglobin) and basophilia (ribosomes),gives overall gray/lilac color
  • Nucleus becoming smaller; coarse heterochromatin granules - checkerboard pattern
A

Polychromatophilic erythroblast

147
Q
  • Small, compact, densely stained nucleus
  • Eosinophilic cytoplasm (large amount of hemoglobin)
  • No longer capable of cell division
A

Orthochromatic erythroblast (normoblast)

148
Q

No longer capable of cell division

A

Orthochromatic erythroblast (normoblast)

149
Q
  • No nucleus
  • Some polyribosomes still present, impart slight basophilia to eosinophilic cells
  • Can be found within bloodstream (1-2% of total RBC count)
A

Polychromatophilic erythrocyte (reticulocyte)

150
Q
  • Granulopoiesis
  • Monocytopoiesis
  • Lymphopoiesis
A

Leukopoiesis

151
Q
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
  • Neutrophils
A

Granulopoiesis

152
Q

-Monocytes

A

Monocytopoiesis

153
Q
  • B cells
  • T cells
  • NK cells
A

Lymphopoiesis

154
Q

Can give us progenitor cells for each line; monocytes and all the granulocytes

A

GMP

155
Q

Originate from common myeloid progenitor which differentiates into granulocyte/monocyte progenitors

A

Granulocytes and Monocytes

156
Q

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils undergo similar morphologic maturation process:

A

Granulopoiesis

157
Q

Follow granulopoiesis

A

myeloblast -> promyelocyte -> myelocyte -> metamyelocyte

-> (*band cell) -> mature cell

158
Q

HSC -> CLP —> —> Lymphocytes

A

Lymphocytes

159
Q

Derived from megakaryocytes via thrombopoiesis:

A

Thrombocytes (platelets)

160
Q

Follow the formation of thrombocytes

A

HSC -> CMP -> MEP -> MKP -> Megakaryoblast -> Megakaryocyte -> Platelets

161
Q

Megakaryoblast under goes successive _____ to become a platelet-producing megakaryocyte

A

Endomitoses

162
Q

50 to 70μm in diameter; complex, multilobed nucleus and scattered azurophilic granules; polyploid cells (64N)

A

Megakaryocyte

163
Q

Large cell (30μm diameter); nonlobed nucleus

A

Megakaryoblast

164
Q

Where are megakaryocytes located?

A

Near sinusoids within bone marrow

165
Q

Megakaryocytes send cytoplasmic extensions that break off as platelets

A

Platelets

166
Q

Small bits of cytoplasm separated from peripheral regions of megakaryocytes by extensive platelet demarcation channels, lined by

A

Invaginations of plasma membrane

167
Q

Cytoplasmic fragments partitioned, forming

A

Individual platelets

168
Q

Represents areas where segmentation of platelets is occurring

A

“foamy” peripheral cytoplasm

169
Q

Penetrate the sinusoidal endothelium; where platelets will pinch off

A

Proplatelets

170
Q

Debate either invaginations of plasma membrane considered “fracture lines” for the release of platelets, but now represents a membrane reservoir that facilitates proplatelet elongation.

A

Platelet Demarcation Membranes

171
Q

Where is bone marrow located?

A

Within medullary cavity and spaces of spongy bone

172
Q

What does bone marrow consist of?

A

Sinusoids (sinusoidal capillaries and hematopoietic cords

173
Q

Developing blood cells, megakaryocytes, macrophages, mast cells, adipocytes

A

Hematopoietic cords

174
Q

Where do hematopoietic cells develop?

A

In clusters/nests located near sinusoids

175
Q

Send sheetlike extensions into hematopoietic cords –> provide support for developing blood cells; stimulate differentiation of progenitor cells

A

Adventitial cells (reticular cells)

176
Q

ratio of hematopoietic cells to adipocytes

A

Bone marrow cellularity

177
Q

Number of hematopoietic cells _______ with age

A

Decreases

178
Q

Bone marrow cellularity:

A

100 – age ± 10%

Anatomy Unit 3- Sav (5 decks)

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