Bone development Flashcards by Martha Robbins

what are the 2 types of centres of ossification

primary centres
secondary centres

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where do primary centre come from

present at birth
A very orderly sequence
forms in the diaphysis

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where do secondary centres come from

after birth
at ends of long bone
forms in epiphysis
bulbus sneds
ossification centres after birth

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diaphysis

the shaft or central part of a long bone

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epiphysis

end of bone

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taller people

ossification happens for longer

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epiphyseal line/plate

growth plate between diaphysis and epiphysis occurs in children
In adults = fuse together and no longer see the line

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why can lifting weights stunt growth

disturb growth plates
should not fuse until adult

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where is growth mainly from

the diaphysis side of the epiphyseal plate (e.g knee joint)

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where to ossification centres meet

epiphyseal line

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what can renters of ossification be used for

help to date individuals
when secondary ossification centres occur
when epiphyseal centres appear or fuse with diaphyses
help to date bones of individuals

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when do primary and secondary centres fuse

during puberty

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what changes to the rib cage happen as we age

typhoid process fuses with the body - middle age
manubrium fuses with the body - old age
costal cartilages ossify - old age (esp 1st rib)

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what does manubrium fusing cause

restricts breathing - pump handle mechanism

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what does costal cartilages ossifying cause

makes ribs of elderly people very vulnerable to fractures
as outer shell become brittle and they have less cartilage

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what is the scapula like in children

relatively wide

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what happens to scapula as we age

Maybe absorbed and thins out - especially in the fossa - creating roles
supraspinous ligament ossifies

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what happens to supraspinous ligament in elderly

frequent ossifies

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where does most of the growth occur in the humerus

most growth occurs at the superior end

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where does most of the growth occur in the ulna

most growth occurs in the inferior end

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where does most of the growth occur in the radius

most growth occurs in the inferior end

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sternum parts

manubrium
body
xiphoid process

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what is one of the first lines to develop in the hand

capitate bone
dominates other bones
primary centre 6 months

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carpal bones

capitate
hamate
pisiform
trapezoid
trapezium
Triquetrum
scaphoid
lunate

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what's the last bone to ossify in the hand

pisiform 9--14 years smallest bone

layers of bones in hand starting at wrist

carpal bones metacarpals phalanges

hand x ray at birth

big caps between bones no main ossicailry centres epiphysis are not visible only main shaft has ossified no carpal bones

hand x ray at 6 months

2 capi bones appear

what age do you see secondary ossification centres appear

1 year mature at 2 years

x ray of hand at 3 years

secondary ossification centres matured 3rd carpal bone

when does 4th carpal bone appear

5 years

x ray of hand at 6 years

ulna bona has secondary ossification centres 7th carpal bona appeared

when does pisiform bone appear

8 carpal bones 9 years old

x ray at 10 years old

growth plate between epiphyseal and diaphysis

when does growth plate close

11 years ossification centres fully closed fusion or primary and secondary ossification plates

when do carpal bones start to fuse

15 years

main changes in bone structures at puberty

fusing od the ossification centres and closing the growth plate

what 3 bones make up the hip

ilium bone ischium bone pubic bone

when does the primary centre of ilium bone appear

3rd month

when does the primary centre of ischium bone appear

4th month

when does the primary centre of pubic bone appear

5th month

what age do the 3 hip bones fuse together

20-25 years

changes in lower limb bones

birth = lower limbs short - larger head lower limbs grow rapidly when children start to walk l

why do babies have an expanded belly

smaller pelvis makes the bladder, uterus and ovaries abdominal organs when the child stands = pelvis tilts anteriorly sacrum takes most of the body weight

what causes osteoarthritis

cartilage wears out

going up stairs when elderly causes

joint cartilage erosin osteoarthritic pain

what cartilage is the most prone to degeneration

patella and femoral condyles - knee and hip

where are the medial and lateral condyles located

medial femoral condyle is located on the inside part of the knee whereas the lateral femoral condyle, which is bigger, is located on the outside part of the knee.

describe a neonatal skill (new born)

skull relatively large face relatively small lack of teeth small madible small sinuses big sockets for eyes inner and middle ears are of adult size

where and how does growth occur in the skull

along the periphery of bones by absorbing the inner bone layer while depositing on the external surface

how are structure set to accommodate expansion

at an oblique angle

when does posterior fontanelle close and where is it

2 months where 3 or 4 bones meet in the same spot

when for sphenoidal fontanelle close and where is it

3 months where the frontal parietal and sphenoid bones all meet

when does mastoid fontanelle close and where is it

1 year junction of squamous and lamb

when does the anterior fontanelle close

2 years

when do the occipital bones fuse together what are they called

3rd year exoccipital basioccipital

what muscle attaches to the mastoid process and why

sternocleidomastoid muscle attaches to the mastoid process encourages the mastoid process to protrude by 2 years

where is the mastoid process

a bone on skull behind the ear

how is the mastoid protrusion stimulated

by the baby lifting their head in the 3rd month

what part of the skull fuses at 6 years

frontal hemispheres

what part of the skull reaches adult size at 7 years

orbital cavity

when does the sagittal suture close

between 22-31 years

when does the coronal suture close

between 24-40 years

when does the lambdoid future close

between 26-40 years

when do lower central incisors teeth develop

6 months

when does the upper central incisors usually start

8 months

when does the lower and upper central incisors teeth usually shed

6-8 years

what happens when the mandibular develops

increases in length height and thickness

how does the mandibular become thicker

addition on the outside

where does mandibular growth normally occur

alveolar border

what direction does the mandibular lengthen

posteriorly

how does the mental foreman grow

moving backwards

what is mandible like before 2 years

in two halves at brith mandibular bone covers the teeth

how does mandible fuse

By a symphysis menti joint

what is the mandibular angle like

obtuse angle adult angle - 110 degrees

what is higher the coronoid or the condyloid process

coronoid process is higher than the condyloid process

what does chewing do to the mandible

strengthens the mandible

what happens to the alveolar arches in development

alveolar arches elongate behind the mental foramen to make more space for teeth helps reduce the mandibular angle to about 140 degrees

when does mandibular angle reduce to 110 degrees

when coroid process and condylar processes are similar heights

when happens when teeth are lost in elderly

loss of teeth = adsorption of the walls of the sockets the superior portion of the alveolar arches recedes multiple missing teeth = atrophy (wasting) of jaw bone servers bone loss makes replacement of teeth difficult in later stages

what happens to elderly mandibular angle

mandibular angle drops and becomes more obtuse 140 degrees chin biomes prominent