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Anatomical sciences > Bone development > Flashcards

Bone development Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 types of centres of ossification

A

primary centres
secondary centres

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2
Q

where do primary centre come from

A

present at birth
A very orderly sequence
forms in the diaphysis

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3
Q

where do secondary centres come from

A

after birth
at ends of long bone
forms in epiphysis
bulbus sneds
ossification centres after birth

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4
Q

diaphysis

A

the shaft or central part of a long bone

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5
Q

epiphysis

A

end of bone

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6
Q

taller people

A

ossification happens for longer

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7
Q

epiphyseal line/plate

A

growth plate between diaphysis and epiphysis occurs in children
In adults = fuse together and no longer see the line

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8
Q

why can lifting weights stunt growth

A

disturb growth plates
should not fuse until adult

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9
Q

where is growth mainly from

A

the diaphysis side of the epiphyseal plate (e.g knee joint)

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10
Q

where to ossification centres meet

A

epiphyseal line

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11
Q

what can renters of ossification be used for

A

help to date individuals
when secondary ossification centres occur
when epiphyseal centres appear or fuse with diaphyses
help to date bones of individuals

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12
Q

when do primary and secondary centres fuse

A

during puberty

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13
Q

what changes to the rib cage happen as we age

A

typhoid process fuses with the body - middle age
manubrium fuses with the body - old age
costal cartilages ossify - old age (esp 1st rib)

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14
Q

what does manubrium fusing cause

A

restricts breathing - pump handle mechanism

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15
Q

what does costal cartilages ossifying cause

A

makes ribs of elderly people very vulnerable to fractures
as outer shell become brittle and they have less cartilage

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16
Q

what is the scapula like in children

A

relatively wide

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17
Q

what happens to scapula as we age

A

Maybe absorbed and thins out - especially in the fossa - creating roles
supraspinous ligament ossifies

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18
Q

what happens to supraspinous ligament in elderly

A

frequent ossifies

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19
Q

where does most of the growth occur in the humerus

A

most growth occurs at the superior end

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20
Q

where does most of the growth occur in the ulna

A

most growth occurs in the inferior end

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21
Q

where does most of the growth occur in the radius

A

most growth occurs in the inferior end

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22
Q

sternum parts

A

manubrium
body
xiphoid process

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23
Q

what is one of the first lines to develop in the hand

A

capitate bone
dominates other bones
primary centre 6 months

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24
Q

carpal bones

A

capitate
hamate
pisiform
trapezoid
trapezium
Triquetrum
scaphoid
lunate

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25
Q

what’s the last bone to ossify in the hand

A

pisiform
9–14 years
smallest bone

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26
Q

layers of bones in hand starting at wrist

A

carpal bones
metacarpals
phalanges

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27
Q

hand x ray at birth

A

big caps between bones
no main ossicailry centres
epiphysis are not visible
only main shaft has ossified
no carpal bones

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28
Q

hand x ray at 6 months

A

2 capi bones appear

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29
Q

what age do you see secondary ossification centres appear

A

1 year
mature at 2 years

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30
Q

x ray of hand at 3 years

A

secondary ossification centres matured
3rd carpal bone

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31
Q

when does 4th carpal bone appear

A

5 years

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32
Q

x ray of hand at 6 years

A

ulna bona has secondary ossification centres
7th carpal bona appeared

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33
Q

when does pisiform bone appear

A

8 carpal bones
9 years old

34
Q

x ray at 10 years old

A

growth plate between epiphyseal and diaphysis

35
Q

when does growth plate close

A

11 years
ossification centres fully closed
fusion or primary and secondary ossification plates

36
Q

when do carpal bones start to fuse

A

15 years

37
Q

main changes in bone structures at puberty

A

fusing od the ossification centres and closing the growth plate

38
Q

what 3 bones make up the hip

A

ilium bone
ischium bone
pubic bone

39
Q

when does the primary centre of ilium bone appear

A

3rd month

40
Q

when does the primary centre of ischium bone appear

A

4th month

41
Q

when does the primary centre of pubic bone appear

A

5th month

42
Q

what age do the 3 hip bones fuse together

A

20-25 years

43
Q

changes in lower limb bones

A

birth = lower limbs short - larger head
lower limbs grow rapidly when children start to walk l

44
Q

why do babies have an expanded belly

A

smaller pelvis
makes the bladder, uterus and ovaries abdominal organs
when the child stands = pelvis tilts anteriorly
sacrum takes most of the body weight

45
Q

what causes osteoarthritis

A

cartilage wears out

46
Q

going up stairs when elderly causes

A

joint cartilage erosin
osteoarthritic pain

47
Q

what cartilage is the most prone to degeneration

A

patella and femoral condyles - knee and hip

48
Q

where are the medial and lateral condyles located

A

medial femoral condyle is located on the inside part of the knee whereas the lateral femoral condyle, which is bigger, is located on the outside part of the knee.

49
Q

describe a neonatal skill (new born)

A

skull relatively large
face relatively small
lack of teeth
small madible
small sinuses
big sockets for eyes
inner and middle ears are of adult size

50
Q

where and how does growth occur in the skull

A

along the periphery of bones
by absorbing the inner bone layer while depositing on the external surface

51
Q

how are structure set to accommodate expansion

A

at an oblique angle

52
Q

when does posterior fontanelle close and where is it

A

2 months
where 3 or 4 bones meet in the same spot

53
Q

when for sphenoidal fontanelle close and where is it

A

3 months
where the frontal parietal and sphenoid bones all meet

54
Q

when does mastoid fontanelle close and where is it

A

1 year
junction of squamous and lamb

55
Q

when does the anterior fontanelle close

A

2 years

56
Q

when do the occipital bones fuse together what are they called

A

3rd year
exoccipital
basioccipital

57
Q

what muscle attaches to the mastoid process and why

A

sternocleidomastoid muscle attaches to the mastoid process
encourages the mastoid process to protrude by 2 years

58
Q

where is the mastoid process

A

a bone on skull behind the ear

59
Q

how is the mastoid protrusion stimulated

A

by the baby lifting their head in the 3rd month

60
Q

what part of the skull fuses at 6 years

A

frontal hemispheres

61
Q

what part of the skull reaches adult size at 7 years

A

orbital cavity

62
Q

when does the sagittal suture close

A

between 22-31 years

63
Q

when does the coronal suture close

A

between 24-40 years

64
Q

when does the lambdoid future close

A

between 26-40 years

65
Q

when do lower central incisors teeth develop

A

6 months

66
Q

when does the upper central incisors usually start

A

8 months

67
Q

when does the lower and upper central incisors teeth usually shed

A

6-8 years

68
Q

what happens when the mandibular develops

A

increases in length height and thickness

69
Q

how does the mandibular become thicker

A

addition on the outside

70
Q

where does mandibular growth normally occur

A

alveolar border

71
Q

what direction does the mandibular lengthen

A

posteriorly

72
Q

how does the mental foreman grow

A

moving backwards

73
Q

what is mandible like before 2 years

A

in two halves at brith
mandibular bone covers the teeth

74
Q

how does mandible fuse

A

By a symphysis menti joint

75
Q

what is the mandibular angle like

A

obtuse angle
adult angle - 110 degrees

76
Q

what is higher the coronoid or the condyloid process

A

coronoid process is higher than the condyloid process

77
Q

what does chewing do to the mandible

A

strengthens the mandible

78
Q

what happens to the alveolar arches in development

A

alveolar arches elongate behind the mental foramen to make more space for teeth
helps reduce the mandibular angle to about 140 degrees

79
Q

when does mandibular angle reduce to 110 degrees

A

when coroid process and condylar processes are similar heights

80
Q

when happens when teeth are lost in elderly

A

loss of teeth = adsorption of the walls of the sockets
the superior portion of the alveolar arches recedes
multiple missing teeth = atrophy (wasting) of jaw bone
servers bone loss makes replacement of teeth difficult in later stages

81
Q

what happens to elderly mandibular angle

A

mandibular angle drops and becomes more obtuse
140 degrees
chin biomes prominent

Anatomical sciences (12 decks)

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