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Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

basal ganglia definition

A

Collection of neuronal nuclei that connect the cerebral cortex to the thalamus and brain stem

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2
Q

What is the basal ganglia made up of

A

caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus
substantia nigra
subthalamic nucleus

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3
Q

role of the basal ganglia

A

motor control
cognitive function
emotion
motivation
learning

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4
Q

receive information from the

A

cerebral cortex

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5
Q

sends information to the

A

thalamus and brain stem

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6
Q

Globus pallidus

A

Main output centre of the basal ganglia
Prevents unwanted movements - inhibitory on the thalamus

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7
Q

how to promote smooth movement

A

balance direct and indirect pathways

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8
Q

Glia cells = Satellite cell role

A

peripheral NS
surround neutron cell bodies in ganglia
regulate O2, CO2, nutrient and neurotransmitter levels around neuron’s in ganglia

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9
Q

Glia cells = Schwann cells

A

peripheral NS
surround axons
responsible for myelination of peripheral axons
participate in repair process after injury

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10
Q

Glia cells = Oligodendrocytes

A

CNS
myeline axons
structural framework

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11
Q

Glia cells - astrocytes

A

CNS
maintain BBB
structural support
regulate ion nutrient and dissolves gas conc
absorb and recycle neurotransmitters
form scar tissue after injury

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12
Q

Glia cells = Microglia

A

CNS
remove cell debris, waste and pathogens
phagocytosis

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13
Q

Serotonin - output from what cell and its function?

A

Raphe nucleus
Arousal, sensory processing, mood, emotion

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14
Q

Dopamine - output from what cell and its function?

A

compact part of substantial nigra
ventral tegmental nucleus
Motivation, motor control, memory and learning

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15
Q

Noradrenaline - output from what cell and its function?

A

Ceruleus nucleus
arousal, attention, memory, pain, stress

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16
Q

direct pathway

A

silences the neurons in globus pallidus - this frees the thalamusfrom the inhibitory effects of the global pallidus= allows moving quicker

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17
Q

indirect pathway

A

Subthalamic nucleus = leads to increased suppression of unwanted movements

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18
Q

how is serotonin synthesised

A

tryptophan ->(TPH) -> 5-Hydroxytryptophan -> (AADC) -> 5HT (serotonin)

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19
Q

where are the enzyme responsible for serotonin synthesis located

A

specific neurons and brainstem

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20
Q

what does tryptophan cross BBB with and how

A

using a common transporter with other LNAAs(large neutral amino acids = valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, methionine)

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21
Q

effects of high levels of LNAAs

A

high protein diet, tryptophan is less likely to be taken up by the brain and is the rate limiting step for serotonin synthesis in the brain

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22
Q

are males or female more capable of producing serotonin

A

males - 52% more capable of producing serotonin
Tryptophan deficiency = precursor of serotonin = 4th fold decrease in brain serotonin synthesis in females compared to males

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23
Q

seronin transporter

A

vesicular monoamine transporter

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24
Q

how is serotonin transported to post synapse

A
  • packed into vesicles
  • transported by exocytosis
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25
how does serotonin go back to pre synapse
via serotonin transporter
26
steps at post synaptase = serotonin
· Stop continuous stimulation of certain logic receptors located at the postsynaptic membrane · Monoamide oxidase = degrades serotonin = 5-hydroxy indole acetic acid- number of certain logic receptors found in the brain (7 families, 14 receptors)
27
how are serotonin levels controlled
· If level of serotonin is high at synaptic cleft = signal the property when a receptor presynaptic cell and this will signal to the rest of the cell that deserted and production should slow down = less serotonin at the end will be produced · When receptor is not simulated = signals to the cells that there is not enough serotonin produced = accelerate serotonin acceleration
28
what two groups are Serotoninergic monoaminergic brainstem nuclei concentrated in
1. The raphe magus, raphe obscurus and raphe pallidus= projects from the medulla to the spinal cord and modulates afferent pain signals, thermoregulation, cardiovascular control and breathing. 2. The rostral median and dorsal raphe that project from the pons/midbrain to the forebrain and all cortical areas
29
what do serotoninergic cells regulate
arousal, attention, mood, cognition
30
what are the families of 5HT receptors are there GPCRs
· Seven families and 15 subtypes of 5HTR (5HTR1-5HTR7) · All of them are G-protein-coupled receptors, except for 5HT3, which is a ion channel.
31
step from tryptophan to 5-HTP called
tryptophan hydroxylation
32
step from 5-HTP to 5HT called
5HTP decarboxylation
33
dopamine synthesis
phenylalanine (phenylalanine hydroxylate) tyrosine (tyrosine hydroxylate) L-DOPA (aromatic L amino acid decarvoxylase) dopamine
34
dopamine to noradrenaline
dopamine (dopamine B hydroxylate) noradrenaline
35
where is dopamine synthesised
CNS chromium affinity cells in adrenal medulla
36
how is dopamine/ noradrenaline transported
Dopamine (precursor of noradrenaline) Dopamine is transported into synaptic vesicle by vesicular monoamine transporters (vMATs)
37
vMAT1 expressed
chromium affinity cell sof the adrenal gland
38
vMAT2 expressed
neurons
39
role of vMATs
accumulate monoamines in vesicles by exchange transport with H+
40
role of NET and NAT
· After release = reuptake by norepinephrine transporter (NET) or noradrenaline transporter (NAT) · NET is Na+/K+-ATPase-dependent and transports noradrenaline into the cell by Na+/Cl- cotransport. NETs are also regulated by phosphorylation
41
two place dopaminergic neurons are concentrated in midbrain
1. The substantia nigra pars compacta that projects to the dorsal striatum via the nigrostraiatal pathway - part of basal ganglia loop and involved in motor control 2. Ventral tegmental area (VTA) that projects the prefrontal cortex and basal forebrain via mescorticolimbic pathway.
42
pathway of D1 and D5 (D1 like) receptors
activate their target cells = increasing levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) = targets of the mesocorticolimbic pathway
43
pathway of D2,3,4 (D2 like) receptors
inhibit their target cells = reducing the levels of cAMP = dominate the nigrostriatal pathway
44
where is dopamine converted to noradrenaline
By dopamine-b-hydroxylates in noradrenergic cells concentrated in the pigment Pontine nucleus locus coerleus (LC))
45
what does the locus coerleus regulate
working memory, attention, perception, motivation, pain and autonomic reflexes
46
what receptors does noradrenaline act through
alpha1, alpha2, beta adrenoreceptors
47
alpha 1 and beta adrenoreceptors
postsynaptic sites = excitatory action
48
alpha 2 adrenoreceptors
distributed pre and post synaptically and they commonly exert inhibitory effects
49
how is noradrenaline transferred to adrenaline
by phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase
50
where is adrenaline produced
chromaffin cells in the medualla for the adrenal gland and a small number of medullary neurons
51
role of adrenaline
Adrenaline is mainly released into the circulation and acts as a hormones on distant targets - regulates - fight or flight response = increases blood flow to muscles - output of the heart - pupil dilation response - blood sugar level Binds to alpha-AR and beta-AR
52
monoaminergic cells
CNS = attention, mood, cognition, memory
53
monoamines
essential components of ascending arousal system and modulate level of the behavioural arousal
54
corticospinal tract (pyramidal tract)
bundle of axons from the motor cortex of the cerebral cortex through the spinal cord to the skeletal muscle motor neuron axons
55
what tracks is the corticospinal tract divided into
lateral cortical tract (pyramidal lateral tract) anterior cortical tract (pyramidal anterior tract)
56
where does cerebral cortex flow through
cerebral cortex -> brain stem (pyramidal tracts) Doesn’t pass through the pyramids of the medulla oblongata Transmits signals from the cerebrum to the motor nuclei (nerve nuclei containing cell bodies of motor neurons) of the cranial nerves in the brainstem (NOT the spinal cord)
57
upper motor neurons
cell bodies of motoneurons in corticospinal tract are in the cortical motor cortex axons of these neurons travel through the brainstem to the Spinal cord (upper motor neuron)
58
lower motor neurons
In the anterior horn of spinal cord axons of the higher motor neurons connects to lower neurons (via interneurons and neuron synapses directly with lower motor neurons)
59
brainstem
cell bodies of subordinate motor neurons = in the motor nuclei of cranial nerves
60
cerebrum furrows
sulci lateral sulcus (sulcus sylvianus) and the central sulcus (sulcus centralis) are particularly conspicuous and are important as a guide to the anatomical divisions.
61
cerebrum bulges
gyri
62
where is primary motor cortex
- above lateral sulcus and anterior to central sulcus between frontal and parietal
63
role of primary motor cortex
voluntary movements of specific body parts associated with the central gyrus.
64
frontal lobe role
voluntary movement, expressive language and for managing higher level executive functions.
65
parietal lobe location
Above the lateral sulcus, posterior to the central sulcus and anterior to the parieto-occipital sulcus to the angular gyrus
66
parietal lobe role
ntegrates sensory information from different sensory modalities. · particularly responsible for spatial perception and instructional decisions.
67
parietal lobe role
ntegrates sensory information from different sensory modalities. · particularly responsible for spatial perception and instructional decisions.
68
what does parietal lobe consist of
parietal lobes comprise the somatosensory cortex and the dorsal cortical visual pathways of the visual system.
69
temporal lobe location
Located inferior to the external lateral sulcus and anterior to the angular gyrus, the temporal lobe is one of the cerebral lobes
70
temporal lobe role
language, memory and hearing auditory processing
71
occipital lobe role
language, memory and hearing.
72
occipital lobe role
visual information visuospatial formation, colour discrimination and motion perception
73
proprioception vs spinothalamic tracts
proprioception (position and vibration) and the spinothalamic tract = warmth and pain ( temperature and pain)
74
roles of basal ganglia in movement
inhibits muscle tone throughout the body supports useful activtity and suppress unwanted or useless patterns of activity monitors and coordinates slow, sustained contractions = posture and support
75
striatum
caudate, putamen, and ventral striatum Stratum and caudate nucleus = originally one structure (e.g in rodents) but seperated in evolution The striatum is the input to the cerebral cortex and thalamus
76
subthalamic nucleus
inputs from cerebral Cortex
77
globus pallidus
· internal and external segment · internal GP = considered to be a single structure with the substantia nigra reticularis and is an output to the thalamus Outer GP = indirect pathway passes = nucleus accumbens is a combination of the putamen (striatum) and globus pallidus
78
substantia nigra
dense part and reticular part (midbrain) embryologically and physiologically part of basal ganglia Reticular area of substanitia nigra - output area Dense substantia nigra contains many dopaminergic neurons and is a modulatory circuit element projecting to the striatum
79
explain the steps of the direct pathway
Neocortex [glutamate] → striatum [GABA] → globus pallidus internus/nigrostriatal area [GABA] → motor thalamic nucleus [glutamate] → motor neocortical area
80
direct pathway causes motor activity to be
increased
81
GABAergic neurons
inferior segment of the GP and SN exit of the basal ganglia fire at high fire and strongly inhibit the activity of neurons in the thalamus
82
steps of the indirect pathway
neocortex [glutamate] → striatum [GABA] → extrastriate pallidum [GABA] → subthalamic nucleus [glutamate] → intrastriate pallidum/nigrostriate [GABA] → motor thalamic nucleus [glutamate] → motor neocortical area
83
indirect pathway causes motor inhibition to be
reduced
84
what produced dopamine
substantia nigra
85
dopamine effect on direct pathway and indirect pathway
excited direct pathway via d1 inhibits indirect pathway via d2
86
where are cholinergic interneurons
in striatum
87
effect of cholinergic interneurons on direct and indirect pathways
inhibits striatal cells of direct excite striatal cells of indirect
88
cholinergic neurons effect on striatum, nucleus accumbent, SN
motor function and motivation
89
cholinergic neurons effect on thalamus
arousal
90
Loss of dopaminergic influence results in (PARKINSONS)
- less excitation of direct pathway (normally turns up motor activity) - less inhibition of indirect pathway ( normally turns down motor activity) Parkinson's disease
91
why do Parkinson's patients have smaller substantial nigra
Plasticity of substantia nigra very strong - neurochemical level - slows down dopamine transport systems aallowing dopamine to remain longer at chemcial synapses in the striatum
92
Loss of GABAergic cells in striatum that project to the laterl palladium (HUNTINGTONS DISEASE) results in
indirect pathway (normally turns down motor activity) inhibited striatal cholinergic cells = die - normally turn down motor activity

Anatomical sciences (12 decks)

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