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KNES 363 > Bone composition and structure > Flashcards

Bone composition and structure Flashcards

1
Q

what is the mechanical purpose of bone

A
  • protect organs
  • provides body with shape
  • facilitates mvmt
  • provides framework for support
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2
Q

what is the axial skeleton + function

A

rib cage, spine, skull
- responsible for protecting internal organs

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3
Q

what is the appendicular skeleton + function

A

long and short bones
- supports locomotion and object manipulaton

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4
Q

where is marrow found

A

non mineralised tissue
- in almost all bones (not inner ear)

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5
Q

what is the function of marrow

A

generates the principal cells found in blood
hihgly osteogenic - can stimulate bone formation at extraskeletal regions

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6
Q

what is heterotopic ossification

A

when bone tissue is formed outside of the bone - progresses over time
- occurs following physcial trauma, some neurological trauma/spinal cord injuries

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7
Q

what are other names for trabecular bone

A

cancellous
spongy

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8
Q

where is trabecular bone found

A

cubodial, flat, and ends (epiphysis) of long bones

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9
Q

what is the porosity of trabecular bone

A

75-95%

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10
Q

what is formed in the bome matrix of trabecular bone

A

trabeculae - plates and rods (~200um thick)
- often randomly arranged

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11
Q

what is the role of trabecular bone

A

load distribution and load transfer in joints

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12
Q

what is another name for cortical bone

A

compact bone

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13
Q

where is cortical bone found

A

shafts of long bones and shells around vertebral bodies and other spongy bone

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14
Q

what is the porosity of cortical bone

A

5-10%

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15
Q

what is an osteon

A

cylindrical vascular tunnels formed in bone

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16
Q

what are haversian canals

A

canal in the middle of an osteon
- aligned longitudinally
- contain capillaries and nerves

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17
Q

what are vokmanns canals

A

short tranverse aligned canals that connect haversian canals
- contain blood vessels and nerves

18
Q

how much cardiac output does bone receive

A

5-10%

19
Q

explain lamellar bone

A

slowly formed
highly organised
parallel layers of anisotropic matrix of mineral crystals and collagen fibres

20
Q

explain woven bone

A

quickly formed
poorly organised
randomly arranged mineral and collagen fibres

21
Q

can lamellar or woven boen be remodelled into the other

A

woven can be remodelled into lamellar bone

22
Q

is lamellar or woven bone stronger

A

lamellar is stronger

23
Q

why is woven bone useful after an injury

A

used to strengthen quickly after an injury because it can be laid down fast
- found at sites of fracture healing, tendon and ligament attachments (sites of rapid turnover)

24
Q

what is primary bone

A

tissue laid down on existing surface

25
Q

what is secondary bone

A

bone resulting from remodelling

26
Q

what type of bone is trabecular

A

all secondary (due to high turnover rate)

27
Q

what type of bone are cortical osteons

A

secondary bone

28
Q

is most adult bone primary or secondary

A

secondary

29
Q

what is the function of collagen in bone

A

elastic and tough

30
Q

what is the function of minerals in bone

A

gives bone its stiffness and strength
- minerals embedded in collagen

31
Q

what is the composition of bone

A

25% water = mostly bonded to collagen
32% organic matrix = mostly collagen
43% apatite material

32
Q

what is the orientation of collagen in bone

A

in primary bone - long fibres, oriented along the direction of the structure
in osteonal bone - forms concentric rings inside osteons
- mineral forms along the collagen

33
Q

what is included in the total bone volume

A

hard bony matrix
voids with soft tissue

34
Q

what is the bone volume fraction

A

Bv = bony matrix / total bone volume
Bv = Vm/Vt

35
Q

what is the formula for porosity

A

pv = volume of soft tissue / total bone volume
pv = Vv/Vt

36
Q

what does the bone volume fraction plus porosity equal?

A

1
(Bv + pv = 1)

37
Q

what does porosity equal in trabecular and cortical bone

A

trabecular pv > 0.5
cortical pv < 0.5

38
Q

what is the bone apparent density

A

mass of a volume of bone divided by its volume

39
Q

what is the bone ash fraction

A

degree of mineralisation of bone tissue
- independent of porosity

40
Q

what does bone ash fraction measure

A

ratio of amount of mineral to amount of collagen

41
Q

does bone ash fraction vary in healthy people

A

no
- only varies in people with genetic bone conditions

KNES 363 (19 decks)

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