Bone and Calcium Homeostasis Disorders

Question 1

Hyperparathyroidism

Answer 1

Excess chronic secretion of PTH - excess osteoclasts - increased Ca
Primary: caused by adenoma (tumor parathyroid gland)
Secondary: increased secretion of PTH, cannot make vitamin D3 - decreased level Ca - release parathyroid hormone
Tertiary: long standing secondary hyperparathyroidism receiving dialysis

Question 2

Hypoparathyroidism

Answer 2

Decreased PTH leads to decreased ECF calcium

Question 3

Rickets

Answer 3

Lack of D3 in diet of children

Question 4

Osteomalacia

Answer 4

Adult rickets
Vitamin D deficiency

Question 5

Renal rickets

Answer 5

Chronic renal failure
Decreased secretion of active vitamin D3 - decreased plasma calcium

Question 6

Osteoporosis

Answer 6

Diminished bone mass & mineralization leads to susceptibility to fracture
Primary: age related physiological changes
Secondary: glucocorticoid induced and immobilization induced

Question 7

Hypocalcemic tetany

Answer 7

Trousseau sign detects latent tetany - blood pressure cuff between systolic and diastolic for 3 mins - muscle spasms occurs
Chvostek - facial nerve spasm with tapping facial nerve above mandibular angle - spasm of lips when tapped

Question 8

Serious consequence of hypocalcemic tetany

Answer 8

Laryngospasm