Bone

Question 1

Two parts of skeletal system. And how many bones are in each of them?

Answer 1

Axial bones: 80

Appendicular bones: 126

Question 2

6 Tissues composing bone

Answer 2

1. Osseous tissue (mineralized specialized connective tissue)
2. Cartilage
3. Dense connective tissue
4. Epithelium
5. Adipose tissue
6. Nervous tissue

Question 3

5 Bone Shapes

Answer 3

1. Long
2. Short
3. Flat
4. Irregular
5. Sesamoid

Question 4

Name of cavity containing bone marrow

Answer 4

Medullary Cavity

Question 5

3 portions of long bone

Answer 5

Epiphysis -> Metaphysis -> Diaphysis

Question 6

What is the other name for growth plate? Where is it located? What does it contain and what is its function?

Answer 6

Epiphyseal plate in each metaphysis of growing bone
contains hyaline cartilage
allows diaphysis to grow in length

Question 7

What does the growth plate turns into in adult long bone?

Answer 7

Epiphyseal line

Question 8

What type of tissue is periosteum?

Answer 8

Dense irregular connective tissue

Question 9

Name the layers lining medullary cavity in order

Answer 9

Bone marrow -> endosteum -> Compact Bone -> Sharpey’s fibre -> periosteum

Question 10

What are osteocytes contained in?

Answer 10

Lacuna

Question 11

What connects the lacuna together? What are their functions?

Answer 11

Canaliculi

help communication between lacunae, exchange of nutrients & waste products with blood vessels

Question 12

Name of non-calcified newly laid bone matrix

Answer 12

Osteoid

Question 13

Name of stem cell (mesenchymal cell) that would be differentiated into osteoblasts

Answer 13

Osteoprogenitors

Question 14

Basic functional unit in mature compact bone

two names

Answer 14

Osteon

Haversian system

Question 15

Name of canal connecting Haversian canals

Answer 15

Volkmann’s canals

Question 16

Which substance in the extracellular matrix gives bone its flexibility?

Answer 16

Collagen fibres

Question 17

2 Layers of periosteum

Answer 17

Fibrous outer layer (dense irregular connective tissue)

Cellular inner layer

Question 18

What does the inorganic contents in bone extracellular matrix contribute to?
Give an example of the inorganic content.

Answer 18

Mechanical strength, rigidity, hardness

Hydroxyapatite crytals

Question 19

What does the organic contents in bone extracellular matrix contribute to?
Give an example of the organic content.

Answer 19

Flexibility, tensile strength

Collagen fibres

Question 20

Maturational stages of osteogenic cells

Answer 20

1. Osteoprogenitors
2. Preosteoblasts
3. Osteoblasts
4. Osteocytes

Question 21

Origin of osteoblasts in axial & appendicular skeleton (apart from head)

Answer 21

Mesenchymal

Question 22

Origin of osteoblasts in head

Answer 22

Ectomesenchymal (from neural crest cells)

Question 23

Functions of osteocytes

Answer 23

Maintain bone integrity & vitality

Question 24

Process of bone resorption

Answer 24

1. Osteoclasts attach to mineralized surface of bone
2. Create an acidic sealed environment -> demineralize bone -> expose organic matrix
3. Release enzymes to degrade the organic matrix

Question 25

How is the border where bone resorption takes place described? What is its function?

Answer 25

Ruffled border | Increase surface area

Question 26

4 pairs of paranasal sinuses

Answer 26

1. Frontal sinus 2. Ethmoid sinus 3. Sphenoid sinus 4. Maxillary sinus

Question 27

4 Processes in maxilla

Answer 27

1. Frontal process 2. Zygomatic process 3. Alveolar process 4. Palatine process

Question 28

What are the paranasal sinuses lined by? What is its shape?

Answer 28

Respiratory epithelium | Pseudostratified

Question 29

Name describing condition with no teeth present

Answer 29

Edentulous