Bacteria

Question 1

Definition of oral microbiome

Answer 1

Totality of bacteria, virus and fungi in oral cavity

Question 2

Definition of pathogen & pathogenicity

Answer 2

Microorganisms capable of causing disease

Pathogenicity: ability of organisms to cause disease

Question 3

Infections that spread from host to host

Answer 3

Communicable disease

Question 4

4 Factors affecting risk of infection

Answer 4

1. Frequency of exposure
2. Number of pathogens transmitted
3. Virulence of pathogen
4. Response of host immune system

Question 5

Definition of cross infection

Answer 5

transmission of infectious agents between patients and staff within clinical environment

Question 6

3 Requirements in transmission

Answer 6

1. Source of infection
2. Mode/vehicle: valid pathway
3. Route of transmission: direct/indirect

Question 7

Community strains & Hospital strains

Answer 7

Community strains: microorganisms brought into healthcare facilities
Hospital strains: microorganisms found in healthcare facilities/associated with people in healthcare environment

Question 8

2 Types of infections (external/internal)

Answer 8

1. Exogenous infection

2. Endogenous infection

Question 9

3 Routes of transmission

Answer 9

1. Contact transmission (direct/indirect)
2. Droplet transmission (direct/indirect)
3. Airborne transmission

Question 10

2 Types of droplets when aerosols is used

Answer 10

1. Spatter (particles): settle quickly on surfaces

2. Droplet nuclei: evaporate & remain suspended in air for many hours

Question 11

Definition of opportunistic pathogens

Answer 11

microorganisms with potential to cause disease when opportunity arise, but do not do so under ordinary circumstances

Question 12

One important characteristic of virus

Answer 12

Metabolic inactivity outside cells of susceptible host - only replicate within living cells

Question 13

What is nucleic acid in virus surrounded by?

Answer 13

Capsid - Protein shell

Question 14

7 Steps of virus replication

Answer 14

1. Adsorption
2. Penetration
3. Uncoating & eclipse - release nucleic acid
4. Transcription - replicate viral DNA
5. Synthesis of viral components - capsid proteins
6. Assembly
7. Release of virions