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Histology > Bone > Flashcards

Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What are three basic qualities of bone that can help explain its histology?

A

Its alive
Its light
It has high tensile strength

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2
Q

What are the two shape classifications of bone?

A

Flat

Long

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3
Q

What are the two mechanisms of bone formation?

A

Intramembranous

Endochondral

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4
Q

What does intramembranous formation mean?

A

Mesenchymal CT CHANGES INTO bone

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5
Q

What does endochondral formation mean?

A

Cartilage is REPLACED by bone

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6
Q

How can inferences about the bone’s age be made?

A

By examining its microscopic structure

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7
Q

What features of bone would suggest youth/immaturity?

A

Woven or immature bone

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8
Q

What features suggest a mature/older bone?

A

Lamellar

Spongy/Compact

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9
Q

What are some qualities of woven bone?

A

Very cellular
Irregular matrix
Low mineral content

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10
Q

What are some qualities of lamellar bone?

A

Matrix is arranged in layers

Bone can be spongy or compact

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11
Q

What is the only way bone Grows?

A

Appositional

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12
Q

What are the three regional divisions of a long bone?

A

Diaphysis/Shaft
Epiphysis/Rounded End
Epiphyseal Plate

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13
Q

What is the structural makeup of the long bone diaphysis?

A

Compact bone on outside, marrow cavity inside

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14
Q

What is the term for blood cell formation?

A

Hematopoiesis

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15
Q

Where in the bone does hematopoiesis take place?

A

In the red marrow

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16
Q

What is yellow marrow filled with?

A

Adipose CT

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17
Q

What is the structural makeup of the epiphysis?

A

Compact bone on outside, spongy bone on inside

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18
Q

What two regions does the epiphyseal plate separate?

A

It separates the diaphysis from the epiphysis

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19
Q

Where is the periosteum found?

A

It covers the entire exterior of the bone except for articular surfaces

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20
Q

What are the two primary layers of periosteum?

A

Outer layer of Dense Fibrous CT

Inner Osteogenic layer

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21
Q

Where is the endosteum found?

A

It lines the marrow cavity,

aka all internal surfaces of the long bone

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22
Q

What makes up the endosteum?

A

A single layer of osteoblasts or osteogenic cells

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23
Q

What type of cartilage makes up the articular cartilage?

A

Hyaline

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24
Q

How do blood vessels get into the mature bone layers?

A

Periosteal vessels are “trapped” as the periosteum lays down new bone

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25
Q

What do Nutrient vessels supply?

A

Long bone marrow

26
Q

Where do the nutrient vessels enter?

A

The diaphysis compact bone

27
Q

What are the function of epiphyseal vessels?

A

To supply the epiphysis

28
Q

Where do epiphyseal vessels enter?

A

Near the epiphyseal plate

29
Q

Where is there an abundance of nerve cells

A

In the periosteum, not in the “bone” cells

30
Q

How do the vasomotor nerves get inside the bone?

A

They run alongside the blood vessels

31
Q

What are the components of flat bone?

A

Inner and Outer Tables of thick compact bone
Diploe layer
Periosteum

32
Q

What is the diploe of flat bone?

A

Spongy bone between the tables

33
Q

Where is the periosteum found in the cranial flat bones?

A

On the outer surface

Inner surface is dura mater

34
Q

What are the 3 primary histological components of bone?

A

Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes

35
Q

Where do you find osteoblasts

A

They (or their precursors) form a row of cuboidal cells of the surfaces of bone on both the periosteal and endosteal surfaces

36
Q

What is the nucleus of the osteoblast like?

A

Its usually on the side of the cell away from the bone

It has a prominent nucleolus

37
Q

Why is the osteoblast cytoplasm so basophilic?

A

Because of the large amount of RER

38
Q

Besides the basophilic RER, what else is notable about the osteoblast cytoplasm?

A

Negative image golgi

Lots of mitochondria

39
Q

When depositing new bone, what is the first thing synthesized by an osteoblast?

A

Osteoid

40
Q

What are the two components of the Osteoid?

A

Type I collagen

Ground Surface: Condroitin sulfate

41
Q

What do the osteoblasts secrete to ossify the osteoid?

A

Alkaline phosphatase

42
Q

What does the alkaline phosphatase do?

A

Causes the calcification of the osteoid along the collagen fibers

43
Q

What do osteocytes look like?

A

Flattened ovoid with long processes extending from it through caniculi in the bone towards other osteocytes. They are joined by gap junctions

44
Q

What is the function of the osteocyte?

A

They transport materials between blood and bone to maintain the surrounding matrix

45
Q

How many nuclei can osteoclasts have?

A

Up to 15-20!

46
Q

Where are osteoclasts located?

A

Surface of bone, frequently in depressions called Howship’s lacunae

47
Q

What are the precursors for Osteoclasts?

A

Monocytes in the bone marrow

48
Q

How do they resorb bone?

A

Primarily with proteolytic enzymes (acid phosphatase)

49
Q

How can the cytoplasm of osteoclasts be described?

A

frothy of vacuolated
contain granules of acid phosphatase
surface facing bone is ruffled

50
Q

What percent of the dry weight is the organic portion of bone?

A

35%

51
Q

What organic component makes up 90% of the bone matrix?

A

Type I collagen

52
Q

What feature identifies Type I collagen

A

banding

53
Q

What is the other major portion of the organic bone matrix?

A

Glycosaminoglycans

54
Q

What do the GAGs do?

A

Cement collagen fibers together

55
Q

Why is the matrix more acidophilic than cartilage?

A

There are less chondoitin sulfates

56
Q

What is the function of the organic matrix

A

Gives bone great toughness and resiliency

57
Q

What makes up the inorganic portion of bone?

A

Crystals like Hydroxyapaptite
Calcium ions
Phosphate ions
Citrate & Carbonate

58
Q

What do the deposition needles look like physically?

A

Slender needles along collagen fibers

59
Q

What is the function of the inorganic portion

A

Hardness

60
Q

What are the three types of Lamella?

A

Haversian System
Inner and Outer circumferential lamellae
Interstitial Lamellae

Histology (11 decks)

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