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Histology > Anatomy of Cell I & II > Flashcards

Anatomy of Cell I & II Flashcards

1
Q

What is the general purpose of the nucleus?

A

House DNA
Produce mRNA
Site of Initial Ribosome Assembly

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2
Q

What is the general purpose of the cytoplasm?

A

Provides an aqueous solution for cytosolic metabolic pathways

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3
Q

What is the glycocalyx?

A

Surface layer of carbohydrates on the apical surface of epithelial cells

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4
Q

What stain is used to ID glycocalyx?

A

PAS

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5
Q

How does the glycocalyx help in the intestine?

A

Promotes bacterial attachment

Retains digestive enzymes

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6
Q

What are 3 primary functions of the cell membrane

A

Cell Junctions
Cellular Communication
Signal Transduction

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7
Q

What are 2 Barrier Functions of the membrane?

A

Hydrophobic Semi-permeable Barrier

Transport across the membrane

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8
Q

What does vesicular transport require?

A

Conformational change of the membrane resulting in budding and vesicle formation.

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9
Q

What are the 3 Types of Endocytosis?

A

Pinocytosis
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Phagocytosis

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10
Q

Describe Pinocytosis/Cell Drinking

A

Continuous uptake of fluid

Internalization of Membrane

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11
Q

What is Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis used for?

A

Internalization of Specific Molecules

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12
Q

What two things are required for Receptor Endocytosis?

A

Receptor Ligand Binding

Clathrin-coated vesicles

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13
Q

How does Phagocytosis differ from Pinocytosis

A

Phagocytosis is the ingestion of large particles, like bacteria

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14
Q

What cell types does phagocytosis occur in?

A

Macrophages & White Blood Cells

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15
Q

What other terms can be related to phagocytosis

A

Opsonization

Antibody Binding

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16
Q

What is the definition of exocytosis

A

The fusion of cytoplasmic vesicles with the plasma membrane and release of the vesicle contents to the extracellular space.

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17
Q

What are the two types of exocytosis?

A

Constitutive

Regulated

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18
Q

What is constitutive exocytosis

A

Continuous secretion process and insertion of new membrane

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19
Q

What is regulated exocytosis?

A

Specific fusion and release that requires an extracellular signal

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20
Q

What is a good example of a cell type that uses trancytosis?

A

Endothelial cells in blood vessels

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21
Q

What is important to know about the nucleus from a staining standpoint?

A

It is basophilic due to the nucleic acids so it will stain a purple color.

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22
Q

What can be estimated by the shape of the nucleus?

A

The shape of the cell.

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23
Q

What is the primary function of the nuclear envelope?

A

Strict delineation of the nucleus form the cytoplasm

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24
Q

How many membranes make up the nuclear envelope?

A

2

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25
Q

What is the space inside (lumen) of the nuclear envelope membranes?

A

Perinuclear space

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26
Q

With what organelle is the outer nuclear membrane continuous?

A

Rough ER

27
Q

What does the number of nuclear pores tell us about cell activity?

A

The more pores, the higher the activity level

28
Q

On the rough ER how can you identify high concentrations of Ribosomes?

A

They will stain as areas of basophilia

29
Q

What is the function of the RER?

A

Site of protein synthesis and SOME phospholipid synthesis

30
Q

What helps to determine the amount of RER in a cell?

A

Cell type and its activity level

31
Q

Is the smooth ER always continuous with the RER?

A

Yes

32
Q

What are the primary functions of the SER?

A

Tryglyceride, Cholesterol, Steroid Hormone Synth
Detox
Calcium Storage (Sarcoplasmic Reticulum in Muscle)

33
Q

What is the term for a ribosome that is floating freely in the cytoplasm?

A

Polysome/Polyribosome

34
Q

What is the function of the ribosome?

A

Protein Synthesis

35
Q

What types of proteins are made on polysomes?

A 
Cytoplasmic proteins (glycolytic enzymes)
Mitochondrial proteins
Nuclear proteins (e.g. histones, transcription factors)
36
Q

What types of proteins are made on RER ribosomes?

A

Proteins for secretion (hormones)
Lysosomal enzymes
Integral membrane proteins (channels, receptors)
Resident proteins for ER/Golgi

37
Q

What other organelle is the Golgi usually located close to?

A

Nucleus

38
Q

Is the golgi continuous with the ER?

A

No

39
Q

What does the golgi do with ER products?

A

Modifies and packs them into vesicles

40
Q

How will a large golgi appear on the slides?

A

An unstained region, or a negative image

41
Q

What are Golgi hydrolase vesicles?

A

Pre-lysosomes

42
Q

What happens to Golgi vesicles once they deliver their product?

A

They return to the golgi for recycling

43
Q

Where do Golgi Hydrolase Vesicles form in the Golgi?

A

Trans-golgi network

44
Q

When a lysosome fuses with endosomes, phagosomes, or autosomes, what activates the hydrolase?

A

A decrease in the luminal pH of the lysosome

45
Q

What kind of pigment is contained in the residual bodies leftover by undigested “lysosome meals”

A

Lipofuscin

46
Q

What color is lipofuscin?

A

yellow-brown

47
Q

What types of cells are likely to have lots of lysosomes?

A

Macrophages

Neutrophils

48
Q

What is an example of normal programmed cell death?

A

Elimination of transitory organs and developmental tissue

Formation of digits

49
Q

What is the term for abnormal formation of digits?

A

Syndactyly

50
Q

What is the main function of mitochondria?

A

ATP production

51
Q

Which membrane forms the cristae of the mitochondria?

A

Inner membrane

52
Q

What is contained in the Matrix of the Mitochondria?

A

Calcium-granules

Mitochondrial DNA

53
Q

Is a lipid droplet a cell?

A

No, it has no membrane

54
Q

What is in a lipid droplet?

A

Cholesterol and Triglycerides

55
Q

What stain is absorbed by lipid droplets?

A

Osmium

56
Q

What is an adipocyte?

A

A Fat cell

57
Q

What is the storage form of Glucose?

A

Glycogen

58
Q

What stains is taken up by Glycogen?

A

PAS

59
Q

What can be said about Glycogen in terms of electron density and membrane structure?

A

Highly electron dense

No membrane

60
Q

What cells have the largest accumulations of glycogen

A

Striated Muscle

Liver

61
Q

What cells make melanin pigment?

A

Melanocytes

62
Q

What is a melanosome?

A

A membrane vesicle in the cytoplasm

63
Q

Where is it easy to find melanin?

A

Hair and Skin

Histology (11 decks)

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