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Histopathology > Bone > Flashcards

Bone Flashcards

1
Q

Alveolar Bone Proper a.k.a. (2)

A

Cribriform Plate

or Bundle Bone

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2
Q

The cribriform plate is formed as a result of

A

attachment of the PDL fibers and passage of

vessels and nerves into and out of the PDL.

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3
Q

The term bundle bone refers to

A

that bone in

which Sharpey’s fibers (PDL) are embedded.

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4
Q

Woven Bone

A

• Immature bone in which the collagen fiber matrix is
randomly oriented. This type of bone is generally newly
formed (embryologic development) or associated with
healing wounds.

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5
Q

Woven Bone (3)

A

§ More cells per unit area than mature bone
§ Greater volume of non-collagenous protein
§ Forms more rapidly than mature bone

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6
Q

Spongiosa (a.k.a. Cancellous)

A

• Trabecular bone that lies between the cortical plates and

within the marrow spaces.

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7
Q

Supporting Alveolar Bone

A

•Facial and lingual cortical

plates

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8
Q

•Facial and lingual cortical

plates (3)

A

§ Lamellar bone
§ Haversian bone
§ Interstitial bone

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9
Q

BONE composition

A

67% inorganic

33% organic

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10
Q

67% inorganic (1)

A

ca hydroxyapatite

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11
Q

33% organic

28%: (1)
5%: (5)

A

collagen

osteocalcin
sialoprotein
phosphoprotein
osteonectin
BMP
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12
Q

Cells Associated With Bone (7)

A 
Ø Osteoblasts
Ø Osteocytes
Ø Osteoclasts
Ø Bone Lining Cells
Ø Chondroblasts
Ø Chondrocytes
Ø Mesenchymal Cells
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13
Q

Osteocyte is an

A

osteoblast that has been entrapped by it’s own osteoid matrix

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14
Q

Canaliculi –

A

radiate in all directions, and allow diffusion of substances
throughout bone. Processes of the osteocytes travel within the canaliculi,
and connect to other osteocytes/osteoblasts, allowing cell-to-cell
communication. May have some mechanoreception properties, as well

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15
Q

Periosteum

A

A dense connective tissue, bound to bone by Sharpey’s fibers,
that contains blood vessels, nerves, and three cell layers:

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16
Q

Periosteum
A dense connective tissue, bound to bone by Sharpey’s fibers,
that contains blood vessels, nerves, and three cell layers:

A

§ Peripheral cell layer of fibroblasts
§ Intermediate cell layer of undifferentiated
mesenchymal cells
§ Proximal cell layer of osteoblasts

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17
Q

Endosteum

A

Lines the meduallary cavity and cancellous bone (trabeculae).
Generally has the same composition as periosteum but is
significantly thinner

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18
Q

Type I

A

Fibrillar: ubiquitous in distribution

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19
Q

Type II

A

Fibrillar: primarily a cartilage protein

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20
Q

Type III

A

Fibrillar: granulation and mesenchymal

tissues

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21
Q

Type V

A

Fibrillar: stromal connective tissue and promotes cellular attachment and migration

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22
Q

Type X

A

Growth Plate: facilitates conversion of

cartilage to bone

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23
Q

skipped
Non-collagenous proteins associated
with bone matrix include:

A 
Ø Osteonectin
Ø Osteopontin
Ø Osteocalcin
Ø Sialoprotein
Ø Phosphoprotein
Ø Glycoprotein
Ø Proteoglycan
Ø Bone Specific Protein
Ø Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)
Ø Carboxyglutamic acid containing protein
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24
Q

The non-collagenous matrix proteins of bone
are characterized by their:
(3)

A

Ø highly acidic nature
Ø high aggregation tendencies
Ø calcium binding properties

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25
Q

In-Situ Remodelling

A

A process of osteoclast resorption, and bone
replacement by osteoblast activity. Mostly seen in
areas of alveolar bone affected by orthodontics.

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26
Q

Intramembranous Bone Formation

A

Bone formation within or between connective tissue
membranes consisting of Type I collagen. Bone does
not replace cartilage as does endochondral bone.

27
Q

Endochondral Bone Formation

A

Bone formation within hyaline cartilage that involves a
concomitant replacement of the cartilage framework by
bone

28
Q

This type of bone formation is found in the inner
— layers of bone, as well as sutures. It is an
extremely rapid and disorganized method of bone
deposition, and allows for growth of the tissues
surrounding it. — — is an example of
intramembranous bone growth

A

spongy

Woven bone

29
Q

Osteoblasts secrete matrix

vesicles that

A

mineralize

surrounding collagen fibres.

30
Q

The osteoblasts usually
become trapped themselves,
becoming —.

A

osteocytes

31
Q

Contents of matrix vesicles: (5)

A 
Ø Pyrophosphatase
Ø Alkaline phosphatase
Ø Glycoproteins
Ø Phosphoproteins
Ø Phospholipids
32
Q

where is endochondral bone formation found?

A

Mostly seen in the vertebrae, long bones, base of the skull, and
head of the mandible.

33
Q

skipped

Endochondral

A

Mesenchymal cells make the general outline of the final bone
shape. The cells differentiate into cartilage cells
(chondroblasts), which increase in size, secrete collagen and
mineralize it with matrix vesicles. The newly formed
chondrocytes eventually die. Vascular tissue from the
surrounding perichondrium invades the cartilage, allowing
chondrocytes and mesenchymal cells to enter the area. The
chondrocytes eat away the cartilage, and newly differentiated
osteoblasts deposit osteoid onto the cartilage. The osteoid is
mineralized by osteocytes, and bone is made.

34
Q

Endochondral:

The growth of these bones is dependant on the growth of the

A

cartilage, and stops once the cartilage is been completely

removed

35
Q

Zones of Cellular Activity (6)

A 
Ø Reserve or resting chondrocytes
Ø Proliferation
Ø Maturation
Ø Hypertrophy and calcification
Ø Cartilage degeneration
Ø Osteogenesis
36
Q

Bone metabolism is controlled systemically by — and locally by —

A

hormones

mechanical factors, growth
factors, and cytokines.

37
Q

Hormones important to bone

metabolism include: (5)

A 
Ø Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Ø 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
Ø Calcitonin
Ø Estrogen
Ø Glucocorticoids
38
Q

Cytokines and growth factors important to

bone metabolism include: (7)

A 
Ø Interlukin-1 (IL-1)
Ø Interlukin-6 (IL-6)
Ø BMP-2 and BMP-7
Ø Transforming Growth Factor (TGF-)
Ø Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I and IGF-II)
Ø Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
Ø Fibroblast growth factor-beta (FGF-)
39
Q

Under conditions that favor bone resorption,
osteoblasts can be stimulated by cytokines and
hormones to produce – which, in turn, promotes
differentiation of osteoclasts.

A

IL-6

40
Q

Under conditions that favor bone resorption,
osteoblasts can be stimulated by cytokines and
hormones to produce – which, in turn, promotes
differentiation of osteoclasts. Examples of such
stimulating cytokines include: (5)

A 
Ø Interleukin-11 (IL-11)
Ø Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-)
Ø Prostaglandins E2 (PGE2)
Ø Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Ø 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
41
Q

Osteoclastic resorption of bone involves the

creation of a

A

localized acidic pH to demineralize
hydroxyapatite, and a variety of enzymes that
degrade the organic bone matrix.

42
Q

Osteoclastic resorption of bone involves the
creation of a localized acidic pH to demineralize
hydroxyapatite, and a variety of enzymes that
degrade the organic bone matrix. (7)

A 
Ø Lactic acid
Ø Citric acid
Ø Free protons (H+)
Ø Acid phosphatase
Ø Aryl sulfatase
Ø Collagenase (MMP)
Ø Gelatinase (MMP)
43
Q

CO2 + H2O →

A

HCO3- + H+

44
Q

Reaction is catalyzed by

A

carbonic anhydrase

45
Q

Architecture (shape) of the tooth-associated

facial and lingual cortical bone is dictated by: (4)

A 
Ø Facial-lingual alignment of teeth
Ø Mesial to distal contour of the CEJ
Ø Facial-lingual width of teeth
Ø Presence of enamel pearls or cervical
 enamel projections
46
Q

Architecture (shape) of the interproximal

alveolar bone is dictated by: (5)

A 
Ø Facial to lingual contour of the CEJ
Ø Mesial or distal tilt of the tooth
Ø Root proximity
Ø Presence of enamel pearls
Ø State of tooth eruption
47
Q

Fenestration

A

An isolated “port-hole” in the cortical bone that

allows exposure of the underlying root surface

48
Q

Dehiscence

A

A denuded area of cortical bone that extends
through the marginal bone creating a “cleft-like”
defect

49
Q

Exostosis

A

An area of bone formation that exceeds the
average for a given anatomical area. The term is
generally used in reference to the maxillary facial
and lingual and mandibular facial

50
Q

Torus /Tori

A

An area of bone formation that exceeds the
average for a given anatomical area. The term is
used in reference to the mandibular lingual or
midline of the palate

51
Q

Giant Cell Tumor
Ø Generally — causing a painless
expansion of bone

A

asymptomatic

52
Q

Giant Cell Tumor

Ø Usually a single lesion that can be either (2)

A

unilocular or multilocular

53
Q

Giant Cell Tumor

Ø Often confused with (2)

A

ameloblastoma or periapical granuloma or periapical cyst

54
Q

Giant Cell Tumor

Ø Histology characterized by presence of

A

numerous multinucleated giant cells in a stroma

of ovoid & spindle shaped mesenchymal cells

55
Q

Multiple Myeloma

A

Ø Malignancy of plasma cell origin that accounts
for nearly 50% of all malignancies involving
bone

56
Q

Multiple Myeloma

Ø The abnormal plasma cells are typically

A

monoclonal (arise from a single cell)

57
Q

Multiple Myeloma

Ø Patients frequently suffer kidney failure due to

A

overload of circulating light chain protein
(Bence Jones Protein) produced by the
abnormal plasma cells

58
Q

Multiple Myeloma

Ø Histology shows

A

monotonous sheets of
neoplastic, variably differentiated, plasmacytoid
cells that invade and replace normal host tissue

59
Q

Multiple Myeloma

Ø Radiographically, patients may exhibit

A

“punched out” areas in the cranium. Such areas

are filled with the neoplastic plasmacytoid cells

60
Q

Osteogenic Sarcoma

A

Ø A malignancy of mesenchymal cells that have

the ability to produce osteoid or immature bone

61
Q

Osteogenic Sarcoma
Ø Excluding hematopoietic neoplasms, osteogenic
sarcoma is the most common type of

A

malignancy to originate within bone

62
Q

Osteogenic Sarcoma
Ø (2) are the most common
symptoms

A

Pain and swelling

63
Q

Osteogenic Sarcoma

Ø Radiographic findings vary from

A

dense sclerosis
to a mixed sclerotic-radiolucent lesion. About
25% of lesions exhibit a “sunburst” pattern

Histopathology (15 decks)

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