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Histopathology > Bone > Flashcards

Bone Flashcards

1
Q

Alveolar Bone Proper a.k.a. (2)

A

Cribriform Plate

or Bundle Bone

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2
Q

The cribriform plate is formed as a result of

A

attachment of the PDL fibers and passage of

vessels and nerves into and out of the PDL.

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3
Q

The term bundle bone refers to

A

that bone in

which Sharpey’s fibers (PDL) are embedded.

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4
Q

Woven Bone

A

• Immature bone in which the collagen fiber matrix is
randomly oriented. This type of bone is generally newly
formed (embryologic development) or associated with
healing wounds.

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5
Q

Woven Bone (3)

A

§ More cells per unit area than mature bone
§ Greater volume of non-collagenous protein
§ Forms more rapidly than mature bone

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6
Q

Spongiosa (a.k.a. Cancellous)

A

• Trabecular bone that lies between the cortical plates and

within the marrow spaces.

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7
Q

Supporting Alveolar Bone

A

•Facial and lingual cortical

plates

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8
Q

•Facial and lingual cortical

plates (3)

A

§ Lamellar bone
§ Haversian bone
§ Interstitial bone

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9
Q

BONE composition

A

67% inorganic

33% organic

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10
Q

67% inorganic (1)

A

ca hydroxyapatite

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11
Q

33% organic

28%: (1)
5%: (5)

A

collagen

osteocalcin
sialoprotein
phosphoprotein
osteonectin
BMP
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12
Q

Cells Associated With Bone (7)

A 
Ø Osteoblasts
Ø Osteocytes
Ø Osteoclasts
Ø Bone Lining Cells
Ø Chondroblasts
Ø Chondrocytes
Ø Mesenchymal Cells
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13
Q

Osteocyte is an

A

osteoblast that has been entrapped by it’s own osteoid matrix

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14
Q

Canaliculi –

A

radiate in all directions, and allow diffusion of substances
throughout bone. Processes of the osteocytes travel within the canaliculi,
and connect to other osteocytes/osteoblasts, allowing cell-to-cell
communication. May have some mechanoreception properties, as well

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15
Q

Periosteum

A

A dense connective tissue, bound to bone by Sharpey’s fibers,
that contains blood vessels, nerves, and three cell layers:

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16
Q

Periosteum
A dense connective tissue, bound to bone by Sharpey’s fibers,
that contains blood vessels, nerves, and three cell layers:

A

§ Peripheral cell layer of fibroblasts
§ Intermediate cell layer of undifferentiated
mesenchymal cells
§ Proximal cell layer of osteoblasts

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17
Q

Endosteum

A

Lines the meduallary cavity and cancellous bone (trabeculae).
Generally has the same composition as periosteum but is
significantly thinner

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18
Q

Type I

A

Fibrillar: ubiquitous in distribution

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19
Q

Type II

A

Fibrillar: primarily a cartilage protein

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20
Q

Type III

A

Fibrillar: granulation and mesenchymal

tissues

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21
Q

Type V

A

Fibrillar: stromal connective tissue and promotes cellular attachment and migration

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22
Q

Type X

A

Growth Plate: facilitates conversion of

cartilage to bone

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23
Q

skipped
Non-collagenous proteins associated
with bone matrix include:

A 
Ø Osteonectin
Ø Osteopontin
Ø Osteocalcin
Ø Sialoprotein
Ø Phosphoprotein
Ø Glycoprotein
Ø Proteoglycan
Ø Bone Specific Protein
Ø Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)
Ø Carboxyglutamic acid containing protein
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24
Q

The non-collagenous matrix proteins of bone
are characterized by their:
(3)

A

Ø highly acidic nature
Ø high aggregation tendencies
Ø calcium binding properties

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25
In-Situ Remodelling
A process of osteoclast resorption, and bone replacement by osteoblast activity. Mostly seen in areas of alveolar bone affected by orthodontics.
26
Intramembranous Bone Formation
Bone formation within or between connective tissue membranes consisting of Type I collagen. Bone does not replace cartilage as does endochondral bone.
27
Endochondral Bone Formation
Bone formation within hyaline cartilage that involves a concomitant replacement of the cartilage framework by bone
28
This type of bone formation is found in the inner --- layers of bone, as well as sutures. It is an extremely rapid and disorganized method of bone deposition, and allows for growth of the tissues surrounding it. --- --- is an example of intramembranous bone growth
spongy Woven bone
29
Osteoblasts secrete matrix | vesicles that
mineralize | surrounding collagen fibres.
30
The osteoblasts usually become trapped themselves, becoming ---.
osteocytes
31
Contents of matrix vesicles: (5)
``` Ø Pyrophosphatase Ø Alkaline phosphatase Ø Glycoproteins Ø Phosphoproteins Ø Phospholipids ```
32
where is endochondral bone formation found?
Mostly seen in the vertebrae, long bones, base of the skull, and head of the mandible.
33
skipped | Endochondral
Mesenchymal cells make the general outline of the final bone shape. The cells differentiate into cartilage cells (chondroblasts), which increase in size, secrete collagen and mineralize it with matrix vesicles. The newly formed chondrocytes eventually die. Vascular tissue from the surrounding perichondrium invades the cartilage, allowing chondrocytes and mesenchymal cells to enter the area. The chondrocytes eat away the cartilage, and newly differentiated osteoblasts deposit osteoid onto the cartilage. The osteoid is mineralized by osteocytes, and bone is made.
34
Endochondral: | The growth of these bones is dependant on the growth of the
cartilage, and stops once the cartilage is been completely | removed
35
Zones of Cellular Activity (6)
``` Ø Reserve or resting chondrocytes Ø Proliferation Ø Maturation Ø Hypertrophy and calcification Ø Cartilage degeneration Ø Osteogenesis ```
36
Bone metabolism is controlled systemically by --- and locally by ---
hormones mechanical factors, growth factors, and cytokines.
37
Hormones important to bone | metabolism include: (5)
``` Ø Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Ø 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D Ø Calcitonin Ø Estrogen Ø Glucocorticoids ```
38
Cytokines and growth factors important to | bone metabolism include: (7)
``` Ø Interlukin-1 (IL-1) Ø Interlukin-6 (IL-6) Ø BMP-2 and BMP-7 Ø Transforming Growth Factor (TGF-) Ø Insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I and IGF-II) Ø Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) Ø Fibroblast growth factor-beta (FGF-) ```
39
Under conditions that favor bone resorption, osteoblasts can be stimulated by cytokines and hormones to produce -- which, in turn, promotes differentiation of osteoclasts.
IL-6
40
Under conditions that favor bone resorption, osteoblasts can be stimulated by cytokines and hormones to produce -- which, in turn, promotes differentiation of osteoclasts. Examples of such stimulating cytokines include: (5)
``` Ø Interleukin-11 (IL-11) Ø Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-) Ø Prostaglandins E2 (PGE2) Ø Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Ø 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D ```
41
Osteoclastic resorption of bone involves the | creation of a
localized acidic pH to demineralize hydroxyapatite, and a variety of enzymes that degrade the organic bone matrix.
42
Osteoclastic resorption of bone involves the creation of a localized acidic pH to demineralize hydroxyapatite, and a variety of enzymes that degrade the organic bone matrix. (7)
``` Ø Lactic acid Ø Citric acid Ø Free protons (H+) Ø Acid phosphatase Ø Aryl sulfatase Ø Collagenase (MMP) Ø Gelatinase (MMP) ```
43
CO2 + H2O →
HCO3- + H+
44
Reaction is catalyzed by
carbonic anhydrase
45
Architecture (shape) of the tooth-associated | facial and lingual cortical bone is dictated by: (4)
``` Ø Facial-lingual alignment of teeth Ø Mesial to distal contour of the CEJ Ø Facial-lingual width of teeth Ø Presence of enamel pearls or cervical enamel projections ```
46
Architecture (shape) of the interproximal | alveolar bone is dictated by: (5)
``` Ø Facial to lingual contour of the CEJ Ø Mesial or distal tilt of the tooth Ø Root proximity Ø Presence of enamel pearls Ø State of tooth eruption ```
47
Fenestration
An isolated “port-hole” in the cortical bone that | allows exposure of the underlying root surface
48
Dehiscence
A denuded area of cortical bone that extends through the marginal bone creating a “cleft-like” defect
49
Exostosis
An area of bone formation that exceeds the average for a given anatomical area. The term is generally used in reference to the maxillary facial and lingual and mandibular facial
50
Torus /Tori
An area of bone formation that exceeds the average for a given anatomical area. The term is used in reference to the mandibular lingual or midline of the palate
51
Giant Cell Tumor Ø Generally --- causing a painless expansion of bone
asymptomatic
52
Giant Cell Tumor | Ø Usually a single lesion that can be either (2)
unilocular or multilocular
53
Giant Cell Tumor | Ø Often confused with (2)
ameloblastoma or periapical granuloma or periapical cyst
54
Giant Cell Tumor | Ø Histology characterized by presence of
numerous multinucleated giant cells in a stroma | of ovoid & spindle shaped mesenchymal cells
55
Multiple Myeloma
Ø Malignancy of plasma cell origin that accounts for nearly 50% of all malignancies involving bone
56
Multiple Myeloma | Ø The abnormal plasma cells are typically
monoclonal (arise from a single cell)
57
Multiple Myeloma | Ø Patients frequently suffer kidney failure due to
overload of circulating light chain protein (Bence Jones Protein) produced by the abnormal plasma cells
58
Multiple Myeloma | Ø Histology shows
monotonous sheets of neoplastic, variably differentiated, plasmacytoid cells that invade and replace normal host tissue
59
Multiple Myeloma | Ø Radiographically, patients may exhibit
“punched out” areas in the cranium. Such areas | are filled with the neoplastic plasmacytoid cells
60
Osteogenic Sarcoma
Ø A malignancy of mesenchymal cells that have | the ability to produce osteoid or immature bone
61
Osteogenic Sarcoma Ø Excluding hematopoietic neoplasms, osteogenic sarcoma is the most common type of
malignancy to originate within bone
62
Osteogenic Sarcoma Ø (2) are the most common symptoms
Pain and swelling
63
Osteogenic Sarcoma | Ø Radiographic findings vary from
dense sclerosis to a mixed sclerotic-radiolucent lesion. About 25% of lesions exhibit a “sunburst” pattern

Histopathology (15 decks)

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