Bonding, Structure and Properties of Matter Flashcards
How many electrons does an atom of nitrogen normally have in its outer shell?
5 (in group 5)
What group is nitrogen in?
group 5
_______ _ elements gain 2 electrons to form 2- ions.
Group 6
Group 6 elements gain _ ________ to form 2- ions.
2 electrons
Group 6 elements gain 2 electrons to form __ ____.
2- ions
Oxygen is a non-metal in group 6. This tells us that it will produce ions that have a charge of __________.
-2
True or false? Ionic compounds are almost always made up of atoms of a metal combined with atoms of one or more non-metals.
true
An ion formed by an element in group 1, 2, 6 or 7 will have the same electron structure as which of the following?
noble gas
Does covalent bonding involve transferring electrons or sharing electrons?
shading electrons
In ________ ____________, there are positive ions surrounded by delocalised electrons.
metallic structures
In metallic structures, there are _________ ____ surrounded by delocalised electrons.
postive ions
In metallic structures, there are positive ions ___________ by delocalised electrons.
surrounded
In metallic structures, there are positive ions surrounded by ____________ ___________.
delocalised electrons
Which of the following does ionic bonding involve?
transferring electrons
Lithium is a metal in group 1. This tells us that it will produce ions that have a charge of __________.
-1
______ _ elements lose 1 electron to form 1+ ions.
Group 1
Group 1 elements ____ 1 electron to form 1+ ions.
lose
Group 1 elements lose _ ________ to form 1+ ions.
1 electron
Group 1 elements lose 1 electron to form __ _____.
1+ ions
____ substances form giant lattices of alternating positive and negative ions.
ionic
Ionic substances form ______ ________ of alternating positive and negative ions.
giant lattices
Ionic substances form giant lattices of ___________ positive and negative ions.
alternating
Ionic substances form giant lattices of alternating ________ ____ _________ _____.
postive and negative ions
In silicon dioxide how many covalent bonds are there between each silicon atom with oxygen atoms?
4
What group is Silicon in?
Group 4
Silicon is in group 4, so it has _ __________ in its outer shell.
4 electrons
In silicon dioxide, each silicon atom is bonded to _ oxygen atoms.
4
In silicon dioxide, each silicon atom is bonded to 4 _______ atoms.
oxygen
Are covalent bonds formed by giving, taking or sharing electrons?
sharing electrons
________ bonding is described as positive ions in a sea of delocalised electrons.
metallic
Metallic bonding is described as _________ ions in a sea of delocalised electrons.
positive
Metallic bonding is described as positive ____ in a sea of delocalised electrons.
ions
Metallic bonding is described as positive ions in a sea of ____________ _________.
delocalised electrons
What type of bonds do compounds formed from non-metals consist of?
covalent bonds
Is calcium hydroxide an acid or an alkali?
alkali
True or false? The empirical formula of a compound is the simplest formula that shows the numerical relationship of the elements in the compound.
true
What is the formula for ammonia?
NH3
NH3 is the formula for __________.
ammonia
What type of bonds hold together the atoms in an oxygen molecule?
covalent bonds
True or false? Covalent compounds mainly contain elements in groups 1 and 2 of the periodic table.
false
The chemical formula of hydrogen peroxide is H2O2. What is the empirical formula of hydrogen peroxide?
HO
______ always form positive ions.
metals
Metals always form…
positive ions
True or false? Covalently bonded substances always consist of small molecules.
false
True or false? The outermost electrons in a metal atom are free to move through the whole structure of the metal.
true
The particles in a metal are held together by strong __________ bonds. What word describes the type of bond to complete this sentence?
metallic
True or false? Ionic compounds are usually a combination of a metal and a non-metal.
true
How many covalent bonds will an atom of carbon form with other atoms?
4
Apart from carbon dioxide what is the other product of thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate?
calcium oxide
________ ___________ → calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
calcium carbonate
calcium carbonate → ________ _____+ carbon dioxide
calcium oxide
calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + _______ ________
carbon dioxide
Magnesium is a metal in group 2. This tells us that it will produce ions that have a charge of __________.
+2
______ _ elements lose 2 electrons to form 2+ ions.
Group 2
Group 2 elements ____ 2 electrons to form 2+ ions.
lose
Group 2 elements lose _ _________ to form 2+ ions.
2 electrons
Group 2 elements lose 2 electrons to form __ ____.
2+ ions
True or false? Covalent bonds never involve metals.
true
True or false? Covalent molecules are formed when non-metal atoms share electrons with other non-metal atoms.
true
________ has two unpaired electrons, so it forms 2 covalent bonds.
oxygen
Oxygen has two ____________, __________ so it forms 2 covalent bonds.
unpaired electrons
Oxygen has two unpaired electrons, so it forms _ ___________ _______.
2 covalent bonds
Joanna says that the molecular structure of silicon dioxide and diamond is similar but Fergus does not agree. Who is correct?
joanna
Chlorine is a non-metal in group 7. This tells us that it will produce ions that have a charge of __________.
-1
______ _ elements gain 1 electron to form 1- ions.
Group 7
Group 7 elements ____ 1 electron to form 1- ions.
gain
Group 7 elements gain _ _________ to form 1- ions.
1 electron
Group 7 elements gain 1 electron to form __ ____.
1- ions
_________ is a non-metal, so it gains an electron to form a negative “chloride” ion.
chlorine
Chlorine is a __________, so it gains an electron to form a negative “chloride” ion.
non-metal
Chlorine is a non-metal, so it ______ an electron to form a “chloride” ion.
gains
Chlorine is a non-metal, so it gains an electron to form a _________ “chloride” ion.
negative
Chlorine is a non-metal, so it gains an electron to form a negative “chloride” ___.
ion
True or false? If an element can form covalent bonds then it will never be involved in ionic bonding.
false
Diamond has a similar structure to silicon dioxide. How many covalent bonds does each carbon atom have with other carbon atoms?
4
In which of the three states of matter are the forces of attraction between the particles strongest?
solid
Solids have the strongest _______________ _______ because their particles are the closest together.
intermolecular bonds
Solids have the strongest intermolecular bonds because their ________ are the closest together.
particles
______ have the strongest intermolecular bonds because their particles are the closest together.
solids
_________ in a solid are tightly packed and in fixed positions.
particles
Particles in a _____ are tightly packed and in fixed positions.
solid
Particles in a solid are _______ _______ and in fixed positions.
tightly packed
Particles in a solid are tightly packed and in ______ _________.
fixed positions
What name is given to the process that turns liquid into a solid?
freezing
What name is given to the process that turns gas into a liquid?
condensation
In which of the three states of matter do the particles have least energy?
solid
In which substance are the particles vibrating around a fixed position?
solid
What name is given to the point when a solid turns into a liquid?
melting
In which of the three states of matter are the particles close together and moving randomly?
liquid
What name is given to the temperature when a liquid turns into a gas?
boiling point
Which state of matter has no definite volume or shape?
gas
In which of the three states of matter are the particles arranged in a regular pattern?
solid
The state of matter in which particles have the least energy is called the __________ state.
solid
Which state of matter has a definite shape and a definite volume?
solid
Which state is being described here? The particles can move and slide past each other. They are very close together but they are not in a fixed pattern. There are forces between the particles but they are weak.
liquid
In which state of matter do particles have the most energy?
gas
______________ is the change from a gas to a liquid.
condensation
Condensation is the change from a ___ __ _ ______.
gas to a liquid
Which state is being described here? The particles are moving quickly and are far apart from each other. They sometimes collide but apart from this they do not touch. There is almost no force holding them together.
gas
In which of the three states of matter are the forces of attraction between the particles strongest?
solid
Which state of matter has a definite volume but no definite shape?
liquid
In which of the three states of matter are the particles furthest apart?
gas
Substance X contains simple molecules. Would you expect its melting point to be high or low?
low
_______ __________ substances have low melting points and boiling points.
simple molecular
Simple molecular substances have ___ melting points and boiling points.
low
Simple molecular substances have low __________ _______ ____ _________ _______ .
melting points and boiling points
why do simple molecular substances have low melting points and boiling points?
because there are weak forces in between the molecules
What type of bond links the atoms together in a polymer molecule?
covalent bonds
Substance X contains simple molecules. Would you expect its boiling point to be high or low?
low
There are three types of compound: ionic, covalent and metallic. How many of these can form giant structures?
3
Oppositely charged ions in an ionic compound are held together by __________ forces.
electrostatic forces
Ionic compounds conduct when _______
molten
Which of the following is not an example of a use of polymers?
smokeless fuels
Calcium oxide is an ionic compound. Predict its physical state (solid, liquid or gas) at room temperature.
solid
______ ____________ have high melting points.
ionic compounds
Ionic compounds have ____ melting points.
high
Ionic compounds have high _________ ______.
melting points
Magnesium oxide is an ionic compound. Would you expect molten magnesium oxide to conduct electricity?
yes
True or false? A polymer is a substance made of macromolecules.
true
True or false? Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity when they are in the form of dry crystals as their ions are not free to move.
true
______ ____________ can only conduct electricity when they are molten or dissolved in water.
ionic compounds
Ionic compounds can only _________ electricity when they are molten or dissolved in water.
conduct
Ionic compounds can only conduct _____________ when they are molten or dissolved in water.
electricity
Ionic compounds can only conduct electricity when they are _______ or dissolved in water.
molten
Ionic compounds can only conduct electricity when they are molten or __________ __ _______.
dissolved in water
_____ ______ cannot conduct electricity.
pure water
Pure water cannot _________ electricity.
conduct
Pure water cannot conduct ___________.
electricity
Pure water _________ conduct electricity.
cannot
True or false? Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity when they are in the form of dry crystals as their ions are not free to move.
true
True or false? Simple molecular substances never contain metals.
true
_______ ___________ substances are formed from non-metal atoms.
simple molecular
Simple molecular substances are ________ from non-metal atoms.
formed
Simple molecular substances are formed from ___-_____ ______.
non-metal atoms
What is the name for a large molecule made up of many small units?
polymer
True or false? Simple molecular substances contain delocalised electrons.
false
Are the bonds between polymer molecules weak or strong?
strong
True or false? Simple molecular substances do not conduct electricity because the molecules do not have an overall electric charge.
true
Which of these carbon-containing substances is a simple molecular substance?
methane
name two giant covalent structures
- graphite
- diamond
A liquid consists of simple molecules. Are the forces WITHIN the molecules strong or weak?
strong
The atoms WITHIN molecules are held together by covalent bonds
covalent bonds
Particles in a metal are held together by __________ attractions.
electrostatic
The regular structure found in ionic compounds is called a giant __________.
lattice
Each bond in a simple molecular substance consists of a shared pair of __________. What one word completes the sentence?
electrons
Biodegradable plastic bags are now being made from polymers and what other substance?
cornstarch
Substance X contains simple molecules. Would you expect it to conduct electricity?
no
_______ _________ molecules do not have delocalised electrons or free ions so they cannot conduct electricity.
simple covalent
Simple covalent molecules do not have ____________ __________ or free ions so they cannot conduct electricity.
delocalised electrons
Simple covalent molecules do not have delocalised electrons or _____ _____ so they cannot conduct electricity.
free ions
Simple covalent molecules do not have delocalised electrons or free ions so they cannot conduct ____________.
electricity
An unknown substance has a melting point of -77°C. Is this substance likely to be an ionic compound?
no
Are the bonds between the atoms in a polymer weak or strong?
strong
Calcium chloride is an ionic compound. Would you expect its boiling point to be high or low?
high
There are forces of attraction between the different ions in an ionic substance because the charges on the ions are __________ charges.
oppositely
True or false? Ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten.
true
Are the forces between the ions in an ionic compound strong or weak?
strong
Polymers have very __________ molecules.
large
Polymers are very large molecules with a _________ ________ __ _____.
repeating pattern of atoms
True or false? In giant covalent structures the atoms form strong bonds by sharing electrons.
true
True or false? The covalent bonds in a simple molecular substance must be overcome when the substance boils.
false
True or false? All simple molecular substances are gases at room temperature.
false
Substance X contains simple molecules. Are the forces BETWEEN the molecules strong or weak?
weak
True or false? Ionic compounds form regular crystals because their ions arrange themselves in a stable lattice structure.
true
Sam found that copper sulphate crystals did not conduct electricity. He concluded that copper sulphate was not an ionic compound. Kate disagreed and said that the crystals would conduct if they were molten or dissolved in water first. Who was right, Sam or Kate?
kate
The intermolecular forces between polymer molecules are strong, so these substances are __________ at room temperature.
solids
What type of atomic forces hold ionic compounds together?
electrostatic
Does solid sodium chloride conduct electricity?
no
True or false? Ionic compounds can only conduct electricity when the ions are free to move.
true
A gas consists of simple molecules. What name is given to the bonds that hold the atoms together?
covalent bonds
Silicon dioxide has a giant covalent structure. Would you expect its melting point to be high or low?
high
True or false? The layers of atoms in pure metals can move past each other if a force is applied to alter the metal’s shape.
true
Substance X is a typical metal. Would you expect its density to be high, medium, or low?
high
why do metals typically have high melting points
metallic bonds are strong so a lot of energy is needed to overcome them
Metals are the best electrical conductors because they have free __________.
electrons
True or false? Alloys always contain at least two or more elements.
true
Which tend to be harder, pure metals or alloys?
alloys
Iron is often found joined to another element. What is this element?
oxygen
Copper is a good conductor of electricity and of what else?
heat
True or false? Copper and aluminium are good conductors of electricity.
true
why are metals are typically good conductors of electricity?
the delocalised electrons in metals can move and carry the charge
What part of their structure do metals have in common with graphite that means both substances conduct electricity?
delocalised electrons
Most metals are found chemically joined to other elements in substances known as… what?
compounds
Which of the following is NOT a property of a typical metal?
soluble in water
In general, do metals have high melting points or low melting points?
high
What name is given to a substance made from a mixture of two or more different metals?
alloy
what is conduction?
Thermal energy being transferred by collisions between particles
Which of the following is NOT a typical property of a metal?
brittle
True or false? Copper can be bent but is still a fairly hard material.
true
What is the word for a mixture of two or more elements, where at least one element is a metal?
alloy
How many atoms thick is graphene?
1
True or false? Diamond will not conduct electricity but graphite will because some electrons in graphite have not formed bonds and can flow freely between the sheets of molecules.
true
Graphite conducts heat in a similar way to metals because it contains __________ __________.
delocalised electrons
What name is given to the carbon-based structures used in lubricants and nanotubes?
fullerenes
There are no covalent bonds between graphite’s layers, so they can easily slide over each other. This means that graphite is… what?
slippery
Which type of giant covalent structure can be used for delivering drugs into the body, or as a lubricant or catalyst?
fullerene
True or false? Carbon nanotubes can be used to make lighter, stronger building materials.
true
The diagram shows a carbon nanotube. It can conduct electricity and is very strong and light. Which of the following is NOT a potential use of carbon nanotubes?
transparent suncreams
In graphite strong bonds form between carbon atoms. What type of bonds are these?
covalent bond
Which giant covalent structure is used for reinforcing tennis rackets?
carbon nanotube
Graphite is made up of layers of __________ rings.
hexagonal
Graphite is soft because the __________ forces between its layers are weak.
intermolecular
True or false? In graphite, every atom forms strong bonds with four other atoms.
false
What was the first fullerene to be discovered?
C60
The diagram shows a carbon nanotube. It can conduct electricity and is very light. Which of the following is a possible application of this nanoparticle?
computer wiring
A single layer of graphite is called… what?
graphene
