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Chemistry > Bonding, Structure and Properties of Matter > Flashcards

Bonding, Structure and Properties of Matter Flashcards

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1
Q

How many electrons does an atom of nitrogen normally have in its outer shell?

A

5 (in group 5)

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2
Q

What group is nitrogen in?

A

group 5

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3
Q

_______ _ elements gain 2 electrons to form 2- ions.

A

Group 6

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4
Q

Group 6 elements gain _ ________ to form 2- ions.

A

2 electrons

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5
Q

Group 6 elements gain 2 electrons to form __ ____.

A

2- ions

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6
Q

Oxygen is a non-metal in group 6. This tells us that it will produce ions that have a charge of __________.

A

-2

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7
Q

True or false? Ionic compounds are almost always made up of atoms of a metal combined with atoms of one or more non-metals.

A

true

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8
Q

An ion formed by an element in group 1, 2, 6 or 7 will have the same electron structure as which of the following?

A

noble gas

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9
Q

Does covalent bonding involve transferring electrons or sharing electrons?

A

shading electrons

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10
Q

In ________ ____________, there are positive ions surrounded by delocalised electrons.

A

metallic structures

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11
Q

In metallic structures, there are _________ ____ surrounded by delocalised electrons.

A

postive ions

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12
Q

In metallic structures, there are positive ions ___________ by delocalised electrons.

A

surrounded

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13
Q

In metallic structures, there are positive ions surrounded by ____________ ___________.

A

delocalised electrons

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14
Q

Which of the following does ionic bonding involve?

A

transferring electrons

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15
Q

Lithium is a metal in group 1. This tells us that it will produce ions that have a charge of __________.

A

-1

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16
Q

______ _ elements lose 1 electron to form 1+ ions.

A

Group 1

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17
Q

Group 1 elements ____ 1 electron to form 1+ ions.

A

lose

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18
Q

Group 1 elements lose _ ________ to form 1+ ions.

A

1 electron

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19
Q

Group 1 elements lose 1 electron to form __ _____.

A

1+ ions

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20
Q

____ substances form giant lattices of alternating positive and negative ions.

A

ionic

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21
Q

Ionic substances form ______ ________ of alternating positive and negative ions.

A

giant lattices

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22
Q

Ionic substances form giant lattices of ___________ positive and negative ions.

A

alternating

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23
Q

Ionic substances form giant lattices of alternating ________ ____ _________ _____.

A

postive and negative ions

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24
Q

In silicon dioxide how many covalent bonds are there between each silicon atom with oxygen atoms?

A

4

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25
Q

What group is Silicon in?

A

Group 4

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26
Q

Silicon is in group 4, so it has _ __________ in its outer shell.

A

4 electrons

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27
Q

In silicon dioxide, each silicon atom is bonded to _ oxygen atoms.

A

4

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28
Q

In silicon dioxide, each silicon atom is bonded to 4 _______ atoms.

A

oxygen

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29
Q

Are covalent bonds formed by giving, taking or sharing electrons?

A

sharing electrons

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30
Q

________ bonding is described as positive ions in a sea of delocalised electrons.

A

metallic

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31
Q

Metallic bonding is described as _________ ions in a sea of delocalised electrons.

A

positive

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32
Q

Metallic bonding is described as positive ____ in a sea of delocalised electrons.

A

ions

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33
Q

Metallic bonding is described as positive ions in a sea of ____________ _________.

A

delocalised electrons

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34
Q

What type of bonds do compounds formed from non-metals consist of?

A

covalent bonds

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35
Q

Is calcium hydroxide an acid or an alkali?

A

alkali

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36
Q

True or false? The empirical formula of a compound is the simplest formula that shows the numerical relationship of the elements in the compound.

A

true

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37
Q

What is the formula for ammonia?

A

NH3

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38
Q

NH3 is the formula for __________.

A

ammonia

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39
Q

What type of bonds hold together the atoms in an oxygen molecule?

A

covalent bonds

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40
Q

True or false? Covalent compounds mainly contain elements in groups 1 and 2 of the periodic table.

A

false

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41
Q

The chemical formula of hydrogen peroxide is H2O2. What is the empirical formula of hydrogen peroxide?

A

HO

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42
Q

______ always form positive ions.

A

metals

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43
Q

Metals always form…

A

positive ions

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44
Q

True or false? Covalently bonded substances always consist of small molecules.

A

false

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45
Q

True or false? The outermost electrons in a metal atom are free to move through the whole structure of the metal.

A

true

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46
Q

The particles in a metal are held together by strong __________ bonds. What word describes the type of bond to complete this sentence?

A

metallic

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47
Q

True or false? Ionic compounds are usually a combination of a metal and a non-metal.

A

true

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48
Q

How many covalent bonds will an atom of carbon form with other atoms?

A

4

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49
Q

Apart from carbon dioxide what is the other product of thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate?

A

calcium oxide

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50
Q

________ ___________ → calcium oxide + carbon dioxide

A

calcium carbonate

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51
Q

calcium carbonate → ________ _____+ carbon dioxide

A

calcium oxide

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52
Q

calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + _______ ________

A

carbon dioxide

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53
Q

Magnesium is a metal in group 2. This tells us that it will produce ions that have a charge of __________.

A

+2

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54
Q

______ _ elements lose 2 electrons to form 2+ ions.

A

Group 2

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55
Q

Group 2 elements ____ 2 electrons to form 2+ ions.

A

lose

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56
Q

Group 2 elements lose _ _________ to form 2+ ions.

A

2 electrons

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57
Q

Group 2 elements lose 2 electrons to form __ ____.

A

2+ ions

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58
Q

True or false? Covalent bonds never involve metals.

A

true

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59
Q

True or false? Covalent molecules are formed when non-metal atoms share electrons with other non-metal atoms.

A

true

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60
Q

________ has two unpaired electrons, so it forms 2 covalent bonds.

A

oxygen

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61
Q

Oxygen has two ____________, __________ so it forms 2 covalent bonds.

A

unpaired electrons

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62
Q

Oxygen has two unpaired electrons, so it forms _ ___________ _______.

A

2 covalent bonds

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63
Q

Joanna says that the molecular structure of silicon dioxide and diamond is similar but Fergus does not agree. Who is correct?

A

joanna

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64
Q

Chlorine is a non-metal in group 7. This tells us that it will produce ions that have a charge of __________.

A

-1

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65
Q

______ _ elements gain 1 electron to form 1- ions.

A

Group 7

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66
Q

Group 7 elements ____ 1 electron to form 1- ions.

A

gain

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67
Q

Group 7 elements gain _ _________ to form 1- ions.

A

1 electron

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68
Q

Group 7 elements gain 1 electron to form __ ____.

A

1- ions

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69
Q

_________ is a non-metal, so it gains an electron to form a negative “chloride” ion.

A

chlorine

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70
Q

Chlorine is a __________, so it gains an electron to form a negative “chloride” ion.

A

non-metal

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71
Q

Chlorine is a non-metal, so it ______ an electron to form a “chloride” ion.

A

gains

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72
Q

Chlorine is a non-metal, so it gains an electron to form a _________ “chloride” ion.

A

negative

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73
Q

Chlorine is a non-metal, so it gains an electron to form a negative “chloride” ___.

A

ion

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74
Q

True or false? If an element can form covalent bonds then it will never be involved in ionic bonding.

A

false

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75
Q

Diamond has a similar structure to silicon dioxide. How many covalent bonds does each carbon atom have with other carbon atoms?

A

4

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76
Q

In which of the three states of matter are the forces of attraction between the particles strongest?

A

solid

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77
Q

Solids have the strongest _______________ _______ because their particles are the closest together.

A

intermolecular bonds

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78
Q

Solids have the strongest intermolecular bonds because their ________ are the closest together.

A

particles

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79
Q

______ have the strongest intermolecular bonds because their particles are the closest together.

A

solids

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80
Q

_________ in a solid are tightly packed and in fixed positions.

A

particles

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81
Q

Particles in a _____ are tightly packed and in fixed positions.

A

solid

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82
Q

Particles in a solid are _______ _______ and in fixed positions.

A

tightly packed

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83
Q

Particles in a solid are tightly packed and in ______ _________.

A

fixed positions

84
Q

What name is given to the process that turns liquid into a solid?

A

freezing

85
Q

What name is given to the process that turns gas into a liquid?

A

condensation

86
Q

In which of the three states of matter do the particles have least energy?

A

solid

87
Q

In which substance are the particles vibrating around a fixed position?

A

solid

88
Q

What name is given to the point when a solid turns into a liquid?

A

melting

89
Q

In which of the three states of matter are the particles close together and moving randomly?

A

liquid

90
Q

What name is given to the temperature when a liquid turns into a gas?

A

boiling point

91
Q

Which state of matter has no definite volume or shape?

A

gas

92
Q

In which of the three states of matter are the particles arranged in a regular pattern?

A

solid

93
Q

The state of matter in which particles have the least energy is called the __________ state.

A

solid

94
Q

Which state of matter has a definite shape and a definite volume?

A

solid

95
Q

Which state is being described here? The particles can move and slide past each other. They are very close together but they are not in a fixed pattern. There are forces between the particles but they are weak.

A

liquid

96
Q

In which state of matter do particles have the most energy?

A

gas

97
Q

______________ is the change from a gas to a liquid.

A

condensation

98
Q

Condensation is the change from a ___ __ _ ______.

A

gas to a liquid

99
Q

Which state is being described here? The particles are moving quickly and are far apart from each other. They sometimes collide but apart from this they do not touch. There is almost no force holding them together.

A

gas

100
Q

In which of the three states of matter are the forces of attraction between the particles strongest?

A

solid

101
Q

Which state of matter has a definite volume but no definite shape?

A

liquid

102
Q

In which of the three states of matter are the particles furthest apart?

A

gas

103
Q

Substance X contains simple molecules. Would you expect its melting point to be high or low?

A

low

104
Q

_______ __________ substances have low melting points and boiling points.

A

simple molecular

105
Q

Simple molecular substances have ___ melting points and boiling points.

A

low

106
Q

Simple molecular substances have low __________ _______ ____ _________ _______ .

A

melting points and boiling points

107
Q

why do simple molecular substances have low melting points and boiling points?

A

because there are weak forces in between the molecules

108
Q

What type of bond links the atoms together in a polymer molecule?

A

covalent bonds

109
Q

Substance X contains simple molecules. Would you expect its boiling point to be high or low?

A

low

110
Q

There are three types of compound: ionic, covalent and metallic. How many of these can form giant structures?

A

3

111
Q

Oppositely charged ions in an ionic compound are held together by __________ forces.

A

electrostatic forces

112
Q

Ionic compounds conduct when _______

A

molten

113
Q

Which of the following is not an example of a use of polymers?

A

smokeless fuels

114
Q

Calcium oxide is an ionic compound. Predict its physical state (solid, liquid or gas) at room temperature.

A

solid

115
Q

______ ____________ have high melting points.

A

ionic compounds

116
Q

Ionic compounds have ____ melting points.

A

high

117
Q

Ionic compounds have high _________ ______.

A

melting points

118
Q

Magnesium oxide is an ionic compound. Would you expect molten magnesium oxide to conduct electricity?

A

yes

119
Q

True or false? A polymer is a substance made of macromolecules.

A

true

120
Q

True or false? Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity when they are in the form of dry crystals as their ions are not free to move.

A

true

121
Q

______ ____________ can only conduct electricity when they are molten or dissolved in water.

A

ionic compounds

122
Q

Ionic compounds can only _________ electricity when they are molten or dissolved in water.

A

conduct

123
Q

Ionic compounds can only conduct _____________ when they are molten or dissolved in water.

A

electricity

124
Q

Ionic compounds can only conduct electricity when they are _______ or dissolved in water.

A

molten

125
Q

Ionic compounds can only conduct electricity when they are molten or __________ __ _______.

A

dissolved in water

126
Q

_____ ______ cannot conduct electricity.

A

pure water

127
Q

Pure water cannot _________ electricity.

A

conduct

128
Q

Pure water cannot conduct ___________.

A

electricity

129
Q

Pure water _________ conduct electricity.

A

cannot

130
Q

True or false? Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity when they are in the form of dry crystals as their ions are not free to move.

A

true

131
Q

True or false? Simple molecular substances never contain metals.

A

true

132
Q

_______ ___________ substances are formed from non-metal atoms.

A

simple molecular

133
Q

Simple molecular substances are ________ from non-metal atoms.

A

formed

134
Q

Simple molecular substances are formed from ___-_____ ______.

A

non-metal atoms

135
Q

What is the name for a large molecule made up of many small units?

A

polymer

136
Q

True or false? Simple molecular substances contain delocalised electrons.

A

false

137
Q

Are the bonds between polymer molecules weak or strong?

A

strong

138
Q

True or false? Simple molecular substances do not conduct electricity because the molecules do not have an overall electric charge.

A

true

139
Q

Which of these carbon-containing substances is a simple molecular substance?

A

methane

140
Q

name two giant covalent structures

A
  • graphite
  • diamond
141
Q

A liquid consists of simple molecules. Are the forces WITHIN the molecules strong or weak?

A

strong

142
Q

The atoms WITHIN molecules are held together by covalent bonds

A

covalent bonds

143
Q

Particles in a metal are held together by __________ attractions.

A

electrostatic

144
Q

The regular structure found in ionic compounds is called a giant __________.

A

lattice

145
Q

Each bond in a simple molecular substance consists of a shared pair of __________. What one word completes the sentence?

A

electrons

146
Q

Biodegradable plastic bags are now being made from polymers and what other substance?

A

cornstarch

147
Q

Substance X contains simple molecules. Would you expect it to conduct electricity?

A

no

148
Q

_______ _________ molecules do not have delocalised electrons or free ions so they cannot conduct electricity.

A

simple covalent

149
Q

Simple covalent molecules do not have ____________ __________ or free ions so they cannot conduct electricity.

A

delocalised electrons

150
Q

Simple covalent molecules do not have delocalised electrons or _____ _____ so they cannot conduct electricity.

A

free ions

151
Q

Simple covalent molecules do not have delocalised electrons or free ions so they cannot conduct ____________.

A

electricity

152
Q

An unknown substance has a melting point of -77°C. Is this substance likely to be an ionic compound?

A

no

153
Q

Are the bonds between the atoms in a polymer weak or strong?

A

strong

154
Q

Calcium chloride is an ionic compound. Would you expect its boiling point to be high or low?

A

high

155
Q

There are forces of attraction between the different ions in an ionic substance because the charges on the ions are __________ charges.

A

oppositely

156
Q

True or false? Ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten.

A

true

157
Q

Are the forces between the ions in an ionic compound strong or weak?

A

strong

158
Q

Polymers have very __________ molecules.

A

large

159
Q

Polymers are very large molecules with a _________ ________ __ _____.

A

repeating pattern of atoms

160
Q

True or false? In giant covalent structures the atoms form strong bonds by sharing electrons.

A

true

161
Q

True or false? The covalent bonds in a simple molecular substance must be overcome when the substance boils.

A

false

162
Q

True or false? All simple molecular substances are gases at room temperature.

A

false

163
Q

Substance X contains simple molecules. Are the forces BETWEEN the molecules strong or weak?

A

weak

164
Q

True or false? Ionic compounds form regular crystals because their ions arrange themselves in a stable lattice structure.

A

true

165
Q

Sam found that copper sulphate crystals did not conduct electricity. He concluded that copper sulphate was not an ionic compound. Kate disagreed and said that the crystals would conduct if they were molten or dissolved in water first. Who was right, Sam or Kate?

A

kate

166
Q

The intermolecular forces between polymer molecules are strong, so these substances are __________ at room temperature.

A

solids

167
Q

What type of atomic forces hold ionic compounds together?

A

electrostatic

168
Q

Does solid sodium chloride conduct electricity?

A

no

169
Q

True or false? Ionic compounds can only conduct electricity when the ions are free to move.

A

true

170
Q

A gas consists of simple molecules. What name is given to the bonds that hold the atoms together?

A

covalent bonds

171
Q

Silicon dioxide has a giant covalent structure. Would you expect its melting point to be high or low?

A

high

172
Q

True or false? The layers of atoms in pure metals can move past each other if a force is applied to alter the metal’s shape.

A

true

173
Q

Substance X is a typical metal. Would you expect its density to be high, medium, or low?

A

high

174
Q

why do metals typically have high melting points

A

metallic bonds are strong so a lot of energy is needed to overcome them

175
Q

Metals are the best electrical conductors because they have free __________.

A

electrons

176
Q

True or false? Alloys always contain at least two or more elements.

A

true

177
Q

Which tend to be harder, pure metals or alloys?

A

alloys

178
Q

Iron is often found joined to another element. What is this element?

A

oxygen

179
Q

Copper is a good conductor of electricity and of what else?

A

heat

180
Q

True or false? Copper and aluminium are good conductors of electricity.

A

true

181
Q

why are metals are typically good conductors of electricity?

A

the delocalised electrons in metals can move and carry the charge

182
Q

What part of their structure do metals have in common with graphite that means both substances conduct electricity?

A

delocalised electrons

183
Q

Most metals are found chemically joined to other elements in substances known as… what?

A

compounds

184
Q

Which of the following is NOT a property of a typical metal?

A

soluble in water

185
Q

In general, do metals have high melting points or low melting points?

A

high

186
Q

What name is given to a substance made from a mixture of two or more different metals?

A

alloy

187
Q

what is conduction?

A

Thermal energy being transferred by collisions between particles

188
Q

Which of the following is NOT a typical property of a metal?

A

brittle

189
Q

True or false? Copper can be bent but is still a fairly hard material.

A

true

190
Q

What is the word for a mixture of two or more elements, where at least one element is a metal?

A

alloy

191
Q

How many atoms thick is graphene?

A

1

192
Q

True or false? Diamond will not conduct electricity but graphite will because some electrons in graphite have not formed bonds and can flow freely between the sheets of molecules.

A

true

193
Q

Graphite conducts heat in a similar way to metals because it contains __________ __________.

A

delocalised electrons

194
Q

What name is given to the carbon-based structures used in lubricants and nanotubes?

A

fullerenes

195
Q

There are no covalent bonds between graphite’s layers, so they can easily slide over each other. This means that graphite is… what?

A

slippery

196
Q

Which type of giant covalent structure can be used for delivering drugs into the body, or as a lubricant or catalyst?

A

fullerene

197
Q

True or false? Carbon nanotubes can be used to make lighter, stronger building materials.

A

true

198
Q

The diagram shows a carbon nanotube. It can conduct electricity and is very strong and light. Which of the following is NOT a potential use of carbon nanotubes?

A

transparent suncreams

199
Q

In graphite strong bonds form between carbon atoms. What type of bonds are these?

A

covalent bond

200
Q

Which giant covalent structure is used for reinforcing tennis rackets?

A

carbon nanotube

201
Q

Graphite is made up of layers of __________ rings.

A

hexagonal

202
Q

Graphite is soft because the __________ forces between its layers are weak.

A

intermolecular

203
Q

True or false? In graphite, every atom forms strong bonds with four other atoms.

A

false

204
Q

What was the first fullerene to be discovered?

A

C60

205
Q

The diagram shows a carbon nanotube. It can conduct electricity and is very light. Which of the following is a possible application of this nanoparticle?

A

computer wiring

206
Q

A single layer of graphite is called… what?

A

graphene

Chemistry (9 decks)

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