Bonding & Structure

Question 1

What kind of attraction exists in ionic bonding?

Answer 1

Electrostatic

Question 2

What is the formula of the sulfate ion?

Answer 2

SO4 ^2-

Question 3

What are properties of ionic compounds?

Answer 3

They dissolve in water, they conduct electricity when molten or dissolved and they have high melting points

Question 4

What is the formula of the nitrate ion?

Answer 4

NO3 -

Question 5

What is a dative covalent bond?

Answer 5

A bond in which both electrons in the bond come from one atom

Question 6

What are repulsions?

Answer 6

Electrons in covalent bonds repel and try to stay as far away from each other as possible, this determines the geometry of the molecule

Question 7

Why do lone pairs repel each other more than bonding pairs?

Answer 7

Because they are held physically closer to the nucleus of an atom

Question 8

What will the shape name and the bond angle be of a molecule where the central atom has 3 electron pairs?

Answer 8

Trigonal planar

120•

Question 9

What will the shape name and the bond angle be of a molecule where the central atom has 2 electron pairs?

Answer 9

Linear

180•

Question 10

What will the shape name and the bond angle be of a molecule where the central atom has 4 electron pairs (one of which is a lone pair)?

Answer 10

Trigonal pyramidal

107•

Question 11

What will the shape name and the bond angle be of a molecule where the central atom has 4 electron pairs?

Answer 11

Tetrahedral

109.5•

Question 12

What shape is a water molecule?

What is the bond angle?

Answer 12

Non-linear

104.5•

Question 13

What will the shape name and the bond angle be of a molecule where the central atom has 6 electron pairs ?

Answer 13

Octahedral

90•

Question 14

Define the term electronegativity

Where are the most electronegative atoms on the periodic table?

Answer 14

The tendency of an atom to attract a pair of electrons

The top right

Question 15

What does difference in electronegativity between two bonding atoms result in?

Answer 15

One atom in a bond will develop a partially + charge and the other will develop a partially - charge. This will create a polar bond, specifically a permanent dipole.

Question 16

What is the Pauling scale value for fluorine?

Answer 16

4

Question 17

What is the Pauling scale value for oxygen?

Answer 17

3.4

Question 18

What is the Pauling scale value for chlorine?

Answer 18

3.2

Question 19

What is the Pauling scale value for nitrogen?

Answer 19

3.0

Question 20

How can a molecule be polar?

When will this not be possible?

Answer 20

If there is a charge separation between one side of the molecule and the other (due to bonds) there will be a permanent dipole.

If bonds are arranged symmetrically about the centre of the molecule.

Question 21

What is a permanent dipole-induced dipole interaction?

Answer 21

Due to the polarity of the molecule with a permanent dipole it is able to cause electrons in the shells of a nearby molecule to shift. This shift will be due to attraction or repulsion and will cause the non-polar molecule to become slightly polar.

Question 22

What are the 3 Van der Waals’ forces from strongest to weakest?

Answer 22

Permanent dipole-dipole
Permanent dipole- induced dipole
London forces

Question 23

What are London forces?

Answer 23

Forces caused by the constant random movement of electrons within atoms’ shells. This creates an instantaneous dipole which induces a dipole in neighbouring molecules.

Question 24

What is a permanent dipole- permanent dipole interaction?

Answer 24

The partially positive ends of molecules with permanent dipoles will attract the partially negative ends of other molecules with permanent dipoles

Question 25

What is the strength of London forces dependant on?

Answer 25

Number of electrons

Question 26

Where are hydrogen bonds found?

How strong are they?

Answer 26

When you have a hydrogen bonded to either oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine, NOF
They are the strongest intermolecular force