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Bio: 3.1 Biological molecules > Bonding, Monomer + Polymers > Flashcards

Bonding, Monomer + Polymers Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three ways atoms combine together?

A

Atoms bond together through hydrogen bonding, ionic bonding and covalent bonding

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2
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

A strong chemical bond between two atoms, sharing a pair of electrons

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3
Q

Fill in the blanks:
What is a covalent bond?
A () chemical bond where () share a pair of ()

A

A STRONG chemical bond where TWO ATOMS share a pair of ELECTRONS

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4
Q

How does covalent bonding work?

A

Covalent bonding occurs when atoms share a pair of electrons in their outer shells, making them stable and completely filling out their shells

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5
Q

How does ionic bonding work?

A

Ionic bonding occurs when a positively charged ion and a negatively charged ion attract each other and create a chemical bond, almost like magnets.

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6
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

An ionic bond is moderate chemical bond formed by the electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged ions

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7
Q

Fill in the blanks:
What is an ionic bond?

An ionic bond is a () chemical bond formed by the () between two () charged ()

A

An ionic bond is a MODERATE chemical bond formed by the ELECTROSTATIC ATTRACTION between two OPPOSITELY charged IONS

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8
Q

What is an example of ionic bonding?

A

An example of ionic bonding is the formation of sodium chloride. The positively charged ion, sodium, attracts the negatively charged ion, chlorine, to form an ionic bond to form sodium chloride

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9
Q

How does hydrogen bonding work?

A

A hydrogen bond forms between the negatively charged region of a polarised molecule and positively charged region of another molecule to form a weak electrostatic bond

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10
Q

Fill in the blanks:
What is a hydrogen bond?

A () chemical bond between the () charge on a hydrogen atom and the () charge on the atom of an adjacent molecule

A

A WEAK chemical bond between the POSITIVE charge on a hydrogen atom and the NEGATIVE charge on the atom of an adjacent molecule

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11
Q

What are condensation reactions?

A

Condensation reactions are chemical reactions that join two molecules together through the formation of a chemical bond and the elimination of water

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12
Q

What are the different bonds that can be formed through a condensation reaction, including their names?

A

Glycosidic bond
Peptide bond
Phosphodiester bond

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13
Q

What is a glycosidic bond?

A

A glycosidic bond is a covalent bond between two monosaccharides, resulting from a condensation reaction

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14
Q

What are hydrolysis reactions?

A

Hydrolysis reactions cause chemical bonds between molecules to break by the addition of water

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15
Q

What is the monomer of a nuclei acid?

A

Nucleotides

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16
Q

What is a phosphodiester bond?

A

A phosphodiester bond is a covalent bond between two nucleotides, which is formed from a condensation reaction

17
Q

Fill in the blanks:
What is a phosphodiester bond?

A () bond between two (), resulting from a () reaction

A

A COVALENT bond between two NUCLEOTIDES, resulting from a CONDENSATION reaction

18
Q

What is the monomer of
a protein?

A

Amino acid

19
Q

What is a peptide bond?

A

A peptide bond is a covalent bond between two amino acids, resulting from a condensation reaction

20
Q

Fill in the blanks:
What is a peptide bond?

A covalent bond between two (), resulting from a () reaction

A

A covalent bond between two AMINO ACIDS, resulting from a CONDENSATION reaction

21
Q

What are examples of monosaccharides?

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

22
Q

What are glucose’s isomers?

A

Glucose’s isomers are beta and alpha glucose

23
Q

What is the molecular formula of glucose?

A

C6 H12 O6

24
Q

What is the difference between alpha glucose and beta glucose?

A

Alpha and beta glucose have different molecular arrangements. Beta glucose has the hydroxyl group above the hydrogen atom whereas alpha glucose has the opposite. Alpha glucose has the hydroxyl group beneath the hydrogen atom on the second carbon atom.

25
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

A disaccharide is a molecule that is formed from two monomers joining together through a condensation reaction

26
Q

What are three examples of disaccharides?

A

Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose

27
Q

What monosaccharides make lactose, sucrose and maltose?

A

Maltose = alpha glucose + alpha glucose

Lactose = galactose + alpha glucose

Sucrose = fructose + alpha glucose

28
Q

What is an example of a condensation reaction?

A

The formation of maltose. Two alpha glucose molecules will join together, with the removal of a water molecule. A glycosidic bond is formed and the maltose molecule is made.

29
Q

What is a monomer? Give some examples

A

Monomers are smaller units that join together to form larger molecules.

Examples include:
1. monosaccharides (glucose, fructose and galactose)

  1. amino acids
  2. nucleotides
30
Q

Define polymer. Give some examples

A

Polymers are moelcules formed when many monomers join together

Examples: polysaccharides, proteins and DNA/RNA

31
Q

What is an example of a hydrolysis reaction?

A

An example of a hydrolysis reaction is the breakdown of maltose. A water molecule is added to the maltose molecule and the glycosidic bond between the glucose monomers is broken

32
Q

Describe a feature of polysaccharides that help their function:

A

Polysaccharides are very large molecules that are insoluble. This makes them suitable for storage and leaves their water potential unaffected

33
Q

What are the three main polysaccharides?

A

The three main polysaccharides are starch, glycogen and cellulose

34
Q

What is oxidation? What is reduction? What is the difference between the two?

A

Oxidation is the loss of electrons and reduction is the gain of electrons. The difference is in oxidation there is a loss and in reduction there is a gain

35
Q

What is an isomer?

A

An isomer is an organic molecule that has the same molecular formula but has different structural arrangements, resulting in different properties

36
Q

What catalyses hydrolysis in the body?

A

Enzymes catalyse hydrolysis in the body

Bio: 3.1 Biological molecules (16 decks)

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