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AP Chemistry > Bonding L7 > Flashcards

Bonding L7 Flashcards

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1
Q

The Octet Rule

A
  • Elements tend to gain, lose, or share electrons to acquire a full octet
  • In n=1 a full octet consists of 2 electrons and there is only one 1s orbital
  • from n=2 to n=7, a full octet consists of 8 electrons. a full s-orbital and a full p-subshell
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2
Q

Ionic compounds formed from

A
  • metal and nonmetal
  • metals lose electrons
  • non-metals gain electrons
  • ions can form ionic compounds through electrostatic attractions
  • crystal lattice structure
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3
Q

d-block element charges

A

1 to 4, usually 2

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4
Q

sn and pb can be

A

+2

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5
Q

d-block cations

A
  • These elects lose electrons from their highest s-sublevel first before losing from their d-sublevel
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6
Q

Ionic Bonding

A
  1. Metals transfer electrons to non-metals, and the two form bonds due to the electrostatic attractions between them
  2. Cations (metal ions) and anions (non-metal ions) form electrostatic bonds based on opposite charges. (cations and anions may be polyatomic)
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7
Q

The forming of an ionic bond is an

A

exothermic process

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8
Q

Strength of an ionic bond

A
  • very strong
  • lots of energy to melt or vaporize these solids
  • the melting/vaporizing is a very endothermic process in order to break the bond
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9
Q

symbols

A
  • H=energy in chem, entropy

- + in front of energy indicates endothermic

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10
Q

Factors affecting melting points of ionic solids

A
  • smaller radius=greater melting point
  • higher charge= greater melting
  • charge is more significant than melting point
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11
Q

Properties of Ionic Solids-

A
  • Strong bonds
  • Cleave along planes
  • Solubility and Conductivity
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12
Q

Properties of Ionic Solids- Strong bonds

A
  • Very strong Coulombic forces of attraction between cations and anions
  • High melting points
  • very hard
  • low volatility (don’t evaporate easily)
  • can’t smell ionic compounds because ions are tightly held
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13
Q

Properties of Ionic Solids- Solubility and Conductivity

A
  • Most are soluble in polar solvents
  • They conduct electricity only when molten or dissolved in a polar solvent, as the charged particles are free to move
  • The higher the concentration of ions in a solution, the higher the electrical conductivity
  • Electric current conducted through solution if there are ions present
  • pure water can’t conduct electricity but when you get in water, ions in water and it can conduct electricity
  • If solvent has enough particles its a polar substance
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14
Q

Covalent bonds

A
  • one atom shares one or more pairs of electrons with another atom so that they both acquire full octets
  • occurs between two non-metals
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15
Q

Electronegativity and Bond Polarity

A
  • EN= elements ability to attract electrons in a chemical bond
  • nonpolar= equal sharing of electrons
  • Similar EN but not exact= polar covalent
  • Ionic- big EN difference
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16
Q

What bonds look like

A
  • Nonpolar covalent looks like a symmetrical circle since its equal sharing
  • Polar covalent looks like an unsymmetrical circle with more electrons around more EN element
  • Ionic there is no circle because electrons are transferred not shared
17
Q

Polar covalent bonds

A
  • The atom with the higher EN develops a partial negative charge as the valence electrons from both atoms spend more time around it
  • The atom with the lower EN develops a partial positive charge, which is equal in magnitude to the partial negative charge of the more EN atom
  • These partial charges increase as EN differences increase
  • The sum of the particle charges in any molecule or ion is always equal to the overall charge on the species
18
Q

EN charges of bond type

A
  • 0-.5
19
Q

ionic vs covalent basic difference

A
  • ionic transfers electrons

- covalent share electrons

20
Q

Molecular compounds defined

A
  • two or more non-metals bonded together to form a compound

- bonds between atoms are nonpolar covalent or polar covalent

21
Q

polyatomic ions defined

A
  • A combination of non-metals or metals and non-metals bonded together to form a polyatomic ion
  • Bonds between atoms are nonpolar covalent or polar covalent
22
Q

Do metals gain or electrons in order to acquire a full octet

A

lose

23
Q

What possible charges can lead acquire as an ion

A

+4, +2

24
Q

What possible charges can iron acquire as an ion

A

+2, +3

25
Q

are ionic solids malleable?

A

no, do not shape but have sharp edges. If you try and break into pieces

AP Chemistry (23 decks)

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