Bonding

Question 1

Anion

Answer 1

Negatively charged ion formed when an atom gains electrons

Question 2

Cation

Answer 2

Positively charged ion formed when an atom loses electrons

Question 3

Ionic bond

Answer 3

The electrostatic force of attraction between oppositely charged ions

Question 4

Lattice

Answer 4

Ionic bond that are in a 3D arrangement, made up of repeating unit cells

Question 5

Covalent bonding

Answer 5

The electrostatic forces of attraction between a par of electrons shared between two atoms and the positively charged nuclei of those atoms

Question 6

Dative or coordinate covalent bond

Answer 6

One where both electrons in the covalent bond come from one atom or group of atoms

Question 7

Ionic character

Answer 7

It is hard to say if a bond is 100% ionic/ covalent. Instead we talk about the ionic character of a bond and we have an arbitrary cut-off between ionic + covalent

Question 8

Sigma bonds

Answer 8

Single bonds formed from the overlap of:
2 s-orbitals
s+p-orbitals head on
2 p-orbitals head on

Question 9

Pi bond

Answer 9

2 p-orbitals overlap sideways head on

Question 10

Double bond

Answer 10

sigma and then a pi bond

Question 11

Triple bond

Answer 11

Sigma and then 2 pi bond

Question 12

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory

Answer 12

1. Electron occurs in pairs (bonding pairs and lone pairs)
2. Electron pair repel
3. Not all electron pair repulsion are the same
   LP:LP>LP:BP>BP:BP
4. For the sake of shapes of molecules, double and triple bonds are counted as one bonding pair

Question 13

Tetrahedral

Answer 13

4 BP : 0 LP
E.g. CH4

Question 14

Pyramidal

Answer 14

3 BP : 1 LP
E.g. NH3

Question 15

Planar V shaped

Answer 15

2 BP : 2 LP
E.g. H2O

Question 16

Trigonal Planar

Answer 16

3 BP : 0 LP
E.g. BH3

Question 17

Linear

Answer 17

2 BP / 1 BP

Question 18

Polar molecule

Answer 18

Relates to molecules with covalent and not ionic or metallic bonds
It is a dipole

Question 19

Dipole

Answer 19

A molecule with positive and negative ends

Question 20

2 things to get polar covalent bond

Answer 20

1. Have polar covalent bonds. Without polar covalent bonds there is no charge
2. The symmetry of the molecule must allow for different centres of positive and negative charge

Question 21

Intermolecular forces

Answer 21

Forces between molecules

Question 22

Dipole-Dipole attraction

Answer 22

Force of attraction between the opposite ends of permanent dipoles on neighbouring molecules

Question 23

Van der Waals forces (London dispersion force)

Answer 23

Force of attraction between temporary instantaneous dipoles induced on neighbouring non-polar molecules
Random movement of electron in an atom results in a temporary formation of a dipole

Question 24

Hydrogen bonding

Answer 24

Force of attraction between a hydrogen atom, which is covalently bonded to a small highly electronegative atom and a lone pair of electrons on another small highly electronegative atom