BODY IN MOTION Flashcards
Directional terms: What is SUPERIOR?
Towards the head
Directional terms: What is INFERIOR?
Towards the feet
Directional terms: What is ANTERIOR?
Towards the front
Directional terms: What is POSTERIOR?
Towards the back
Directional terms: What is MEDIAL?
Towards the mid-line of the body
Directional terms: What is LATERAL?
Towards the side of the body
How many bones are there in the body?
206
What are the main bones in the arm?
clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, hand (carpals, metacarpals, phalanges)
What are the main bones in the leg?
Pelvic girdle, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, foot (tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges)
What are the main bones in the head/torso?
Cranium, spinal column, ribs, sternum
What are the 3 structural types of joints? Explain how much/little each moves
- Fibrous= immovable (the skull)
- Cartilaginous= slightly moveable (the spine)
- Synovial= freely moveable (knee, shoulder)
What do ligaments connect?
Bone to Bone
What do tendons connect?
Muscle to Bone
What is the function of synovial fluid?
To lubricate the surface between two bones so they can freely move
Where is hyaline cartilage found?
directly on the bone surface
What does hyaline cartilage do?
allows for the bones to move freely over each other
What type of joint is the neck?
pivot
What type of joint is the back vertebra?
gliding
What type of joint is at the base of the thumb?
saddle
What type of joints are the knuckles?
ellipsoidal
Which joints in the body are hinge joints?
elbow, knee, ankle
Which joints in the body are ball and socket joints?
shoulder, hip
What is the acronym for the JOINT ACTIONS
All Cats Drag Some Fauna Inside
List the 6 joint actions
Abduction & adduction Circumduction & rotation Dorsi flexion & plantar flexion Supination & pronation Flexion & extension Inversion & eversion
What are the main muscles of the arm?
deltoid, biceps, triceps
What are the main muscles of the leg?
quadriceps, hamstring, gastrocnemius, soleus
What are the main muscles of the front of the torso?
pectorals, obliques, abdominals
What are the main muscles of the back of the torso ?
trapezium, latissimus dorsi, gluteus maximus
What are the 3 muscular relationships? describe each
- Agonist= the prime movers
- Antagonist= muscles that oppose movement
- Stabilisers= aids movement
What are the 3 types of muscular contractions? explain each
- Concentric → muscle shortens
- Eccentric → muscle lengthens
- Isometric → muscles are engaged by length does not change
What is the respiratory system responsible for?
the transfer of oxygen from the air to the blood
What 6 things make up the respiratory system?
- nose
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- lungs
- bronchi
What is respiration?
The process by which the body takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
What is the word equation for respiration?
G O C W E
glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water + energy
Explain the difference between Inspiration
Expiration
Inspiration is inhaling
Expiration is exhaling
How do the lungs deliver oxygen to the bloodstream?
via the aveoli which transfer oxygen to the capillaries
What is the role of the circulatory system?
to move blood through the body
What 4 things make up the circulatory system?
- heart
- arteries
- blood
- veins
what are 3 functions of blood?
- Transports oxygen & nutrients to cells
- Blood clotting protects body
- Regulates body temp
What are the components of blood? include percentages
55%= liquid component (plasma) 45%= solid component ( platelets, red & white blood cells)
What is the role of the heart?
To keep blood flowing around the body
how many valves does the heart have? why does it have valves?
The heart has 4 valves. These allow for the one way flow of blood through the heart
What are the 4 chambers of the heart?
right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle
Describe the pathway of blood through the heart before it goes to the lungs
Superior vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle →pulmonary artery →
Describe the pathway of blood through the heart before it goes to the rest of the body
Pulmonary vein →left atrium → left ventricle →aorta → REST OF BODY
What are the two major circuits in the cardiovascular system?
Pulmonary circuit
Systematic circuit
Where does the pulmonary circuit transfer blood from/to?
Pulmonary circuit= heart→lungs
Where does the systematic circuit transfer blood to/from?
Systematic circuit= heart→body
What are the 3 types of blood vessels in the body?
- Arteries
- Veins
- Capillaries
What is the function of the arteries?
to transfer oxygenated blood AWAY from the heart
What is the function of the veins?
to transfer de-oxygenated blood to the heart
What is the function of the capillaries?
to connect arteries to veins
What is blood pressure?
The force that blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels
What are the top and bottom numbers of a blood pressure reading called?
TOP= systolic BOTTOM= diastolic
What is the acronym to remember the health related components of fitness?
Cats
See
Everything
From Behind
What are the health related components of fitness? what test is used to measure each
C- cardiovascular endurance= beep test S- muscular strength= hand grip test E- muscular endurance= sit up test F- flexibility= sit and reach test B- body composition= skin fold test
What is the acronym to remember the skill related components of fitness?
Cats Smell Breakfast Right After Playing
What are the skill related components of fitness? what test is used to measure each
C- coordination= stick flip test S- speed= timed sprint B- balance= standing on one foot test R- reaction time= ruler drop test A- agility= field agility circuit P- power= wall jump test
What is Aerobic training? Give an example
- movement with oxygen
- Extended time motions (walking, jogging)
What is Anaerobic training? Give an example
movement without oxygen
-Explosive actions (sprint, long jump)
What does the FITT principal stand for? Is it aerobic or anaerobic?
AEROBIC
F-Frequency
I-Intensity
T-Time
T-Type
What are the 5 immediate physiological responses to training?
Explain what each is
- Heart rate= the amount of times the heart beats
- Ventilation rate= how many breaths you take
- Stroke volume= the amount of blood ejected each PUMP
- Cardiac output= the amount of blood ejected in a MINUTE
- Lactate levels= chemicals released from the body
What is bio mechanics?
The study of forces and the effects of these forces on the body
What is the difference between linear and angular motion? give examples of each
Linear= same distance, same direction, same speed
eg. Torso of body while running
Angular= rotation
eg. Arms whilst running
What is the formula to find speed?
S= Distance/ Time
What is the formula to find velocity?
V= displacement/ time
What is acceleration
the rate at which an object changes its speed in a given time
What is a sporting example of angular momentum?
the spinning motion before throwing a discuss
What are the 3 components of balance?
- center of gravity
- line of gravity
- base of support
What is center of gravity?
The point at which weight is evenly distributed
What is ones line of gravity?
An imaginary line drawn vertically downwards from the center of gravity
what is an individuals base of support?
An imaginary area that surrounds the outside edge of the body when standing
what does is mean to be able to ‘float’?
To float is to be able to maintain a stationary position on the water surface
Which 2 forces operate on an individuals ability to float? Which pulls the body downwards and which pushes the body upwards?
- Buoyant force- pushes body upwards
2. Gravity- pulls the body downwards
what is the ‘center of buoyancy?’
The center of the displaced water
what is fluid resistance?
The resistance that acts against a body as it moves through water
what are the 2 types of drag? explain each
- Surface drag- concerned with clothing, helmets, shaved skin
- Profile drag- concerned with the way someone positions their body
what does the magnus effect explain?
Explains the spin that is put on a ball
Explain how the body applies force
The body is able to apply forces to objects such as the ground to enable them to run faster, or to a tennis racquet to enable them to hit the ball harder.
Explain how the body absorbs force
When landing from a jump, the body absorbs the force by bending the knees.
When catching a ball, the arms bend and are bought back towards the body to absorb the force
Explain how the body applies force to objects of different weights
Objects of different weight need a different amount of force applied to them in order for them to go their appropriate distance.
What does newtons 1st law state?
“An objects remains at rest unless acted upon by an internal or external force”
What is an example of newtons 1st law in sport?
Your body will stay still unless acted on by the engagement of your muscles, tendons and bones.
What does newtons 2nd law state?
“The greater the mass of the object the greater the amount of force needed to accelerate the object.”
What is an example of newtons 2nd law in sport?
When hitting a tennis ball, the ball will move faster if the hit is stronger
What does newtons 3rd law state?
“For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction”
What is an example of newtons 3rd law in sport?
When someone runs, with each step they’re putting a force against the track so therefore the track is putting the same force out but against their foot, so it is then pushing them forwards.
