body comp Flashcards by Lindsay Regan

__% of adults are obese

35.7%

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Medical costs for those who are obese are _____ more per year

$1,400

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Is there a relationship between education and obesity for males?

no; but there is for women

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If you have 3 or more factors it is considered metabolic syndrome

abdomial obesity
triglyceride level >150
HDL  130
DBP > 85
fasting glucose > 100

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Obesity can lead to

CAD
Type II diabetes
caners
hypertension
liver disease
osteoarthritis

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weight gain is __% culture and __% genetic

30; 25

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What is leptin

hormone produced by adipocytes that tells the hypothalamus to decrease hunger

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T or F: physical activity alters leptin levels

F; they are independent

but PA does decrease fat % and therefore leptin concentration in the blood

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2 main systems to modulate weight

homeostatic and hedonic

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Homeostatic

signaling from adipose tissue and gut to the brain
long term: leptin and insulin to hypothalamus
short term: Ghrelin, peptide YY respond to meals

*Ghrelin stimulates hunger and spikes before meals and then drops after

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Hedonic

serotonin and dopamine

repsond to cognitive influences

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Who burns more calories at rest? AA or Whites

Whites; therefore AA have a harder time losing and maintain weight

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what accounts for the largest percentage of cariation in body fat?

environment

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Between ages 20-40 men gain __lb per year

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Women 25-34 gain more or less than males per year?

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expect to weigh __ more pounds in your 50s

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in order to maintain weight when aging you need to ..

increase PA intensity starting at age 30

exercise 80-90 min 6-7 days/wk

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T or F: fitness is protective regardless of weight?

TRUE

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During weight gain, what happens to our adipocytes?

vast majority hypertrophy, in extreme obesity they hypertrophy and then hyperplasia (increase in numbers)

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What happens to adipocytes in weight loss?

decrease in size of cell, not number

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T or F: fat patterning is independent of body % fat

True; associated with health risks

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what is an apple figure

central obesity

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Why is central obesity bad

higher risk for malignant obesity
insulin resistance
colon cancer
hypertension
CAD

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What is pear shape

Peripheral or gynoid Obesity

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Normal waist circumference

shouldn't be: M: > 40" ; at 36" double colrectal cancer risk F: >35" ; 32" double colorectal cancer risk

What is BMI good for?

population risk

What should you use for individual risk?

calipers, BIA, hydrostatic weighing, waist circumference

BMI=

``` body mass (kg)/stature(m2) 1kg = 2.2 lb 1 in = .025 m ``` orrrrrrr weight in lbs/ (height in inches^2) x 703

BMI classification

underweight: 40

__ shaped curve for CAD __ shaped curve for all other caues

J and U

What BMI is associate with low risk of death for men and women?

M: 23.5-24.9 F: 22-23.4

A BMI of __ in someone over the age or 65 is considered under weight

For children

``` >95% = overweight >85% = at risk ```

modifiable risk factors for obesity

high birth weight TV view time parent inactivity diet

Fat free mass

water, protein and bone

fat mass

storage and essential fat

Essential fat

fat in the heart, lungs, liver splenn ( all organs) normal physiologic functing required

Fat storage

fat packed primarily in adipose

Minimal leanness standards

M: 3% F: 12%

why does BF affect menstal cycle

irrgeluarities in the HPA axis; decreased levels of gonadotropin releasing hormone, lower levels of leuteinizing hormone from pituitary

hydrostatic weighing

Archimedes | Specific Gravity= weight in air/ loss of weight in water

BD =

BD = mass/volume D = mass of a person/ volume of water displaced FF density = 1.1 g/cm2 Fat = .9 g/cm3

someone who has more fat will float or sink?

float bc density of fat is less than water

Body volume =

weight on a scale - underwater weight

Bod Pod

BV = chambers reduced air volume when subject enters body mass in air/ body volume DIRI equation BD --> body fat

Skin fold measurements

subcutaneous fat

Girth

circumferential measure

skin fold is not a good estimation of __

visceral fat

skin fold i about __% off from gold standard

3.5%

girth measurement is about __% off

2.4-4%

girth measurements are not good for

overly thin excessively fat trained people strength trained

BIA

bioelectrical impedance low levels alternating electrical current lower resistance in FFM and water vs fat or bone

Ohms law

R=V/I | resistance = voltage/current

Siri equation

``` %BF = (495/D) - 450 M %BF = (501/D) - 457 F ```

problems with BIA

relies on hydration if dehydrated, decrease impedance by increasing concentration of electrolytes and gives a lower body fat reading increased hydration - falsely increases body fat temperature - hot room, lowers fat estimation

Cons of BIA

hydration, temp not as good as girth and calipers doesn't measure the distributioon

%BF norms

M: >20% F: >30%

How to determine Goal body weight

shold be based off percentage, not numbers men: 15-20% female: 22-25%

1st law of thermodynamics

energy is neither created or destroyed

weight is stable when

energy intake = expenditure (basal or resting, PA and thermal energy)

A weight loss of ____% provides significant health benefits

5-10 %

___% of people regain inital weight loss within 1 yr

33-50

FITT for obesity

F: > 5 days/wk I: moderate - vig T: min 30min/day (150/wk) progress to 60min/day T: intermittent at first, continuous and interval once they reach moderate *resistance training and flexibility * also resistance training and behavioral modification

want to lose __% of initial BW over __months

5-10% in 3-6 months

you should reduce caloric intake by ___ to lose weight

500-1,000 kcal.day | reduce dietary fat

Short term water loss

initial weight loss from glycogen stores (containing large amounts of water) little fat loss despite drop in weight

__% of female athletes has DE | ___% of males

62; 33

Female triad

low energy hypothalamic amenorrhea osteoporosis

Physiological signs and symptoms of eating disorder

bradycardia, hypotension, arrhythmias hypoglycemia, low sex hormones, amenorrhea, dry skin constipation, abominal pain, muscle cramps, edema hypothermia anemia dental decay

Anorexia

refusal to maintain BW | 10% mortality rate within 10 yrs of diagnosis

Bulimia

``` more common purging bathroom after meals excessive exercise twice a week for 3 months ```

shold have ___% of fat from total caloric intake

20-35 (

% of carbs

45-65

% protein

10-35

___% of children 2-19 are obese

17 highest = blacks mexicans, then hispanics