Bock "Rural Marginalisation and the Role of Social Innovation; A Turn Towards Nexogenous Development and Rural Reconnection"

Question 1

What types of community development does Bock distinguish?

Answer 1

1. Exogenous development: Development from the outside. Often for communities that are not developing to the norms that are preferred. Development needs to be brought to the community. More static and centralist politics (e.g. KPN in Groningen)
2. Endogenous development: Development from within. Bottom-up, neoliberal and devolved politics. You can’t tell communities what to do.
   Critique: Strong communities become stronger and weak communities become weaker.
3. Neo-endogenous development: predominantly bottom-up, but if agendas are not set by communities professionals should set them. You also have an overview of the resources available in the community and outside the community. Evidence-based and pragmatic politics.
4. Nexogenous development: entangled and multiple things need to be recognised.