Boards Exam Deck #4 Flashcards
Mucoid sputum
- clear, thick sputum
- indicative of cystic fibrosis or conditions with a chronic cough
frothy sputum
-usually means there is pulmonary edema
hemoptysis
-blood in sputum
anticoagulants
- coumadin & heparin
- increase blood-clotting time
- could result in hemoptysis during percussion & shaking
- administered to patients with DVT
bronchodilators
- Ex: epinephrine, Alupent, ventolin, proventil
- relax smooth muscle & open airway lumen to assist in breathing
- often used prior to exercise or athletics to reduce negative effects of disease processes
corticosteroids
- Ex: prednisone, cortisol
- decrease inflammation associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases
- side effects such as osteoporosis, muscle wasting, & slow wound healing are problematic
tibial motions necessary for knee flexion
-posterior glide & internal rotation
tibial motions necessary for knee extension
-anterior glide and external rotation
Phalen’s test
- bilateral wrist flexion against each other for 60 seconds
- N/T or pain may indicate carpal tunnel
Allen’s test
- used to determine appropriate blood flow of radial and ulnar arteries into the hand
- pressure applied over the radial and ulnar arteries & then analysis of blood filling in the hand demonstrates positive or negative test
Finkelstein’s test
- de Quervain’s tenosynovitis
- special test of the sheath that surrounds the tendons of the thumb
Which ligament does the talar tilt test for?
-calcaneofibular ligament
Anterior drawer test is indicated for damage to which ligament?
-anterior talofibular ligament
Clinical sign/symptom difference with cataracts and glaucoma
- cataracts have gradual loss of vision centrally first and then peripherally
- glaucoma is gradual loss of vision peripherally and then centrally progressing to total blindness
prefrontal cortex
- controls emotions & judgments
- inside of the frontal lobe
Broca’s area
- controls motor aspects of speech
- inside frontal lobe
Difference between precentral and postcentral gyrus?
- precentral is the primary motor cortex for voluntary muscle activation
- postcentral is the primary sensory cortex for integration of sensation
Parietal Lobe
- contains the postcentral gyrus which is the primary sensory cortex for integration of sensation
- receives fibers conveying touch, proprioceptive, pain & temperature sensations from opposite side of the body
Wernicke’s Area
language comprehension
Temporal Lobe
- primary auditory cortex: receives/processes auditory stimuli
- associative auditory cortex: processes auditory stimuli
- Wernicke’s area: language comprehension
Occipital Lobe
- primary visual cortex: receives/processes visual stimuli
- visual association cortex: processes visual stimuli
dorsal column/medial lemniscal system
-conveys sensations of proprioception, vibration & tactile discrimination
lateral spinothalamic tract
-sensations of pain & temperature
anterior spinothalamic tract
-crude touch
spinocerebellar tract
-conveys proprioception information from muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, & touch & pressure receptors to cerebellum for control of voluntary movements
spinoreticular tract
-conveys deep & chronic pain to reticular formation of the brainstem via diffuse, polysynaptic pathways
corticospinal tract
- voluntary motor control
- 10% of fibers do not cross in the medulla
vestibulospinal tract
-control of muscle tone, antigravity muscles, & postural reflexes
rubrospinal tract
-assist in motor function
reticulospinal tract
-terminates both on dorsal gray (modifies transmission of sensation, especially pain) & on ventral gray (influences gamma motor neurons & spinal reflexes)
tectospinal tract
-assist in head-turning responses to visual stimuli
Middle Cerebral Artery Stroke
- most commonly involved
- contralateral hemiplegia, mostly UE involvement, & loss of sensation primarily in the arm & face
- homonymous hemianopsia is common
- infarction in a dominant left hemisphere may produce aphasia & apraxia
- occlusion of main stem of MCA can cause global aphasia
somatagnosia
-lack of awareness of the relationship of one’s own body parts or the body parts of others
bitemporal hemianopsia
- a deficit of the temporal or peripheral visual fields, caused by an injury at the optic chiasm
- also known as tunnel vision
Cerebellar CVA signs and symptoms
- decreased balance
- ataxia
- decreased coordination
- nausea
- decreased ability for postural adjustment
- nystagmus
Ottawa Knee Rules for radiography
- age 55 or older
- tenderness to palpation at fibular head or patella
- inability to flex knee past 90 degrees
- inability to bear weight more than 4 steps
pituitary gland
MASTER hormone regulator for secretion of hormones
hematologic condition with AIDS or HIV
-CD4+ count of 200 cells/mL or less
Normal CD4+ count
650-1,200 cells/mL
hemisection of spinal cord
- ipsilateral motor and proprioception loss
- contralateral loss of pain & temperature
lesion to anterior horn cells of spinal cord
LMN problems & hyporeflexia
basal cell carcinomas
-usually occur on hair-bearing areas exposed to the sun, such as the face, neck, head, ears, or hands. They grow slowly to 1-2 cm after years of growth
squamous cell carcinomas
typically appears on the ear, face, lips, mouth, and dorsa of the hands. They are small, red, hard nodules.
malignant melanoma
can appear anywhere in the body. It is usually asymmetric, has irregular borders, its colors can be black, brown, red, or white. It is larger than a pencil eraser, and it evolves in shape.
Typical presentation of clubfoot
Talipes equinovarus, or clubfoot, involves plantar flexion, forefoot adduction, and calcaneal varus.
CS Traction position for UCS, mid-CS and lower CS
- UCS = 0-5 deg flexion
- mid-CS = 10-20 deg flexion
- lower CS = 25-35 deg flexion
Cranial nerves associated with gag reflex
IX - glossopharyngeal
X - vagus
How to differentiate between glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves with cranial nerve testing
- ability to say “ahh” which tests vagus nerve
- both CNs are associated with gag reflex & ability to swallow
catching or slipping sensation of the biceps muscle is indicative of what?
-could indicate a tear of the transverse humeral ligament
Bankart lesion
- avulsion of the labral ligamentous complex from the anteroinferior aspect of the glenoid
- most common lesion resulting in anterior joint instability
- CT scan can diagnose the tear & surgical intervention is normally successful for repair
