Boards Exam Deck #2 Flashcards
asthma
- inflammatory condition
- reversible
- airway narrowing due to inflammation, smooth muscles, bronchospasm, and increased airway secretions
cystic fibrosis
- genetic pulmonary disease
- fibrotic changes are ultimately found in the lung parenchyma
requirements for diagnosing MI
- must have 2 of 3:
- classic signs & symptoms
- EKG changes
- enzyme changes
hyperkalemia
- increased potassium
- decreases rate & force of contraction
- produces ECG changes: wide PR interval & QRS, tall T waves
hypokalemia
- decreased potassium
- ECG changes: flat T waves, prolonged PR & QT intervals
- arrhythmias
- may progress to V-fib
effect of hypercalcemia on cardiac system
-increased heart actions
effect of hypocalcemia on cardiac system
-decreased or depressed heart actions
hypermagnesemia
- increased magnesium
- calcium-channel blocker, which can lead to arrhythmias and/or cardiac arrest
hypomagnesemia
- decreased magnesium
- ventricular arrhythmias
- coronary artery vasospasm
- sudden death
shoulder capsular pattern
-ER, abd, IR
elbow capsular pattern
-flex loss > ext loss
hyperthyroidism
- increased production of thyroid hormones
- result is increased metabolism
most common disease of hyperthyroidism
-Grave’s disease
thyroid
- produces hormones (T4 & T3) which regulate the body’s metabolic rate & increase protein synthesis
- regulated by the hypothalamus & pituitary feedback controls as well as intrinsic regulator mechanism within the gland
neuromuscular manifestations of hyperthyroidism
- proximal muscle weakness
- muscle atrophy (myopathy)
- PT might notice pt has difficulty with balance & ambulation
Lisfranc Injury
- tarsometatarsal injury or mid foot injury
- when 1 or all metatarsal bones are displaced from tarsus
- usually caused by a crush injury or when landing on the foot after a fall from a significant height
- injury often occurs with an athlete has their foot plantar flexed & another player lands on their heel
pulmonary intervention for atelectasis
- deep breathing facilitation needed in order to reverse atelectasis
- segmental breathing can assist for this & allow prolonged inspiration & a breath hold. the long inspiration will facilitate deep breathing
Result of decreased cortisol?
-inability to regulate potassium & sodium
Erb’s Palsy
damage to upper brachial plexus nerves C5-C6
Erb-Klumpke
total damage to brachial plexus
Main pelvic floor muscle with pelvic floor training?
-pubococcygeus
Murphy’s Sign
- gallbladder
- R upper quadrant pain
- patient is asked to inhale while examiner’s fingers are hooked under the liver border at the bottom of the rib cage
McBurney’s Sign
acute appendicitis
Murphy’s Punch
costovertebral percussion test
What is the most important value to check before exercising with a patient who has MS?
hematocrit (due to deconditioned nature of patient)
What does a pericardial rub sound like during auscultation?
leathery sound during systole
Stemmer’s Sign
- pulling on skin at the base of the 2nd toe or finger
- if the skin is unable to be pulled up, it is a sign of lymphedema
Location of McBurney’s Point
- half the distance between ASIS & umbilicus
- acute appendicitis
Murphy’s Sign location
- pain/tenderness over costovertebral angle
- acute cholecystitis or acute pyelonephritis
- RUQ
Decerebrate positioning
-upper/lower extremities in extension
decorticate positioning
-UEx in flexion & LE extremities in extension
Semi-fowler position
-supine, HOB elevated 30 degrees
Pursed lip breathing use
-reduce respiratory rate, increase tidal volume, reduce dyspnea, decrease mechanical disadvantages of impaired ventilatory pump, improve gas mixing at rest for patients with COPD, facilitate relaxation
Primary use for pursed lip breathing intervention
-patients with obstructive disease who experience dyspnea at rest or with minimal activity/exercise or with ineffective breathing patterns during activity/exercise
“Scotty Dog Sign” on radiograph
-spondylolysis
GH & Scapulothoracic movements with raising arm
- 2:1 ratio GH/SC
- 1st 30-60 deg occurs at GH jt
- 120 deg movement occurs at GH joint
- 60 deg movement at SC joint
Cardinal sign/symptom of Cor Pulmonale
-progressive SOB, especially with exertion
What do the values PaO2 & SaO2 provide information about?
-how well the lungs are functioning to oxygenate blood
What does the PaCO2 indicate?
-provides information about how well the lungs are able to remove carbon dioxide
eucapnia
normal level of CO2 in arterial blood
What does a low hematocrit indicate?
-anemia, blood loss, and vitamin or mineral deficiencies
What does a high hematocrit indicate?
-dehydration or polycythemia vera (condition that causes overproduction of red blood cells)
Which ligament does the talar tilt test for?
calcaneofibular ligament
What ECG change is most indicative of myocardial ischemia?
ST segment depression
What can a prolonged PR interval indicate?
- impaired AV node conduction & results in various types of heart block
- normal PR interval is 0.12-0.20 seconds
What does the QRS represent?
depolarization of the ventricles
What is indicated with an abnormal QRS complex?
- premature ventricular contractions
- ventricular tachycardia
- ventricular fibrillation
liver pathology referral sites
-shoulder, mid thoracic region or low back
diaphragm pathology referred sites
-shoulder or lumbar spine
pathology of pancreas can refer pain to which areas?
shoulder, mid thoracic region or low back
