BMT Flashcards
Rationale for HSCT -auto
Dose intensify chemotherapy
Stem cell rescue from myeloablative chemotherapy
Non-hematopoietic organ toxicity becomes dose-limiting
Rationale for HSCT -allo
Stem cell rescue from myeloablative chemotherapy
Establish a graft-versus- malignancy effect to destroy recipient cancer cells
Replace missing or abnormal hematopoietic component
Types of Transplant - anatomical source
Bone marrow (BMT)
Peripheral blood (PBSCT)
Umbilical cord blood (UCB
Types of Transplant - immunologic source
Allogeneic Matched related donor (MRD) Mismatched related donor (MMRD) or haploidentical Matched unrelated donor (MUD) Mismatched unrelated donor (MMUD)
Syngeneic
Autologous
Selection of HSC Source - Recipient Factors -4
Type and stage of recipient disease
Donor availability
Age
Performance status
Selection of HSC Source - Donor Factors -7
HLA match
Age
Sex
Number pregnancies in female donor
Blood type and ABO compatibility
Serologic status for cytomegalovirus
Matched race
HLA Matching -serology vs DNA
S: Identifies HLA molecules on the cell surface using antigen specific anti-sera
D: Identifies HLA molecules by defining the DNA code in the cell nucleus
slide 5C
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Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells - Advantages -5
Ease of procurement & faster availability than MUD
Lower immunogenicity in cord blood leading to lower rates of severe GVHD (permitting 1-2 antigen-mismatch)
Advantage of a lower transmission rate of infectious and genetic diseases
Increased units for ethnic minorities and patients with rare haplotypes
Frozen in small volumes; DMSO content is minimized
Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells - Disdvantages -5
Low number of stem cells in cord units
Cost
Lack of donor lymphocyte infusions
Lack of experience and long-term
outcomes
High rate of acquired infection
slide 6B
&&&
most common source of marrow
kids: BM
adults: peri blood
Adult Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) Timing of Transplant Consultation -3
OS early tx 40%
what are high risk feautures -5
CR1 up to age 35 for standard risk
CR1 over age 35 if high risk
Poor-risk cytogenetics (e.g., (t(9;22 or 11q23))
High WBC (>30-50 x 109/L) at diagnosis
CNS or testicular leukemia
No CR within 4 weeks of initial treatment
Induction failure
CR2 and beyond
Adult ALL Key Recommendations -5
Allogeneic HSCT is recommended in CR1 for all risk groups based on a survival benefit &&&
Autologous HSCT is an alternative if there is no allogeneic donor (similar survival to maintenance chemo with shorter treatment duration)
Imatinib therapy before and after allogeneic HSCT should be considered
TBI based conditioning may be preferred
RIC only if they unsuitable for myeloablative
Adult Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) Timing of Transplant Consultation -3
OS early 50%
AML high risk feautures -3
High-risk AML including
Antecedent hematological disease (e.g., myelodysplastic syndromes)
Treatment-related leukemia
Induction failure
CR1 with poor-risk cytogenetics or molecular
markers
CR2 and beyond
Adult AML Key Recommendations -3
what about low risk cytogenetics? -1
intermediate risk? -1
Allogeneic HCST in CR1 confers a survival benefit over conventional chemotherapy in high-risk cytogenetics if patient < 55 years old
No survival advantage if low-risk cytogenetics
Unclear in intermediate risk cytogenetics
No advantage to autologous HSCT in CR1 over
conventional chemotherapy
Allogeneic HSCT in CR2 is recommended
Insufficient data to recommend a MUD over autologous HSCT
Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) Timing of Transplant Consultation -3
OS early 40%
Intermediate-1 (INT-1), intermediate-2 (INT-2)
or high IPSS score which includes either:
> 5% marrow blasts
Other than good risk cytogenetics (good risk includes 5q- or normal)
> 1 lineage cytopenia
MDS Key Recommendations -2
Autologous is only recommended as part of a clinical trial
Allogeneic HSCT early in the disease course is recommended for
IPSS score of intermediate-2 or high risk
Have a suitable donor
Meet HSCT criteria
IPSS score of Intermediate -1 who have poor prognostic features not included in IPSS (older age, refractory cytopenias)
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)
Timing of Transplant Consultation -5
OS CP 70%
OS AP 40-45%
No hematologic or minor cytogenetic response 3 months post-imatinib initiation
No complete cytogenetic response 6-12 months post imatinib initiation
2nd Relapse
Accelerated phase
Blast crisis (myeloid or lymphoid)
CML Key Recommendations -1
&&&may be more- panotumib update
CML – Accelerated phase and blast crisis
Allogeneic HSCT as soon as CML – CP can be
achieved with TKI and/or chemotherapy
CLL Key Recommendations - 3
OS 40% (does not really flatten out)
def high risk CLL -3
Autologous HSCT
2 prospective RCT show improved EFS, but no
impact on overall survival (NOT DONE)
Allogeneic HSCT
Myeloablative conditioning generally not recommended because of high TRM (NOT DONE)
RIC considered for patients with high-risk CLL
1. Deletion 17p or 11q;
2. refractory to chemoimmunotherapy
3. who develop recurrence within 12 months after purine analog treatment
Non Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL) Timing of Transplant Consultation - Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma -3
50% OS vs 30% with chemo insensitive dz (same as chemo)
At 1st or subsequent relapse
CR1 for patients with high or high-intermediate IPI risk
No CR with initial treatment
Non Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL) Timing of Transplant Consultation - Follicular -4
Poor response to initial treatment
Initial remission duration < 12 months
Second relapse
Transformation to diffuse large B cell lymphoma
Non Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (NHL) Timing of Transplant Consultation - Mantle Cell Lymphoma -3
Following initial therapy
NHL Key Recommendations - DLBCL -2
Autologous HSCT recommended in 1st
chemosensitive relapse as it improves survival
Not recommended in 1st CR for any IPI risk or in partial remission after 3 cycles of chemotherapy
NHL Key Recommendations - FL -4
Autologous HSCT recommended for transformed follicular lymphoma
Autologous HSCT NOT recommended in CR1
No overall survival benefit
No comparative data with rituximab-containing regimens
Higher incidence of therapy related AML/MDS
NHL Key Recommendations - mantle cell -1
Many experts recommend autologous HSCT in CR1
PROBABLY NOT TESTABLE
Hodgkin’s Disease Timing of Transplant Consultation -2
OS CR 70%
OS not CR sens 60%
OS not CR insens 40%
No initial CR
1st or subsequent relapse
Hodgkin’s Disease Key Recommendations -3
Autologous HSCT is recommended in 1st chemosensitive relapse -outcomes improved over conventional therapy in randomized trials
Autologous HSCT is recommended in patients with refractory disease- outcomes improved over conventional therapy
RIC Allogeneic considered in eligible patients with no other options (including clinical trials)
Multiple Myeloma Timing of Transplant Consultation -2
no cure, OS 45% at 6yr
After initiation of therapy
At first progression
Multiple Myeloma Key Recommendations -8
Single Autologous HSCT
RCT demonstrated improved EFS over conventional chemotherapy
3 of 7 RCT demonstrated a benefit in OS
Considered standard of care
Tandem Autologous HSCT
3 RCT demonstrated an improvement in EFS
Only 1 RCT demonstrated a benefit in OS
Tandem autologous HSCT considered in patients with less than a very good partial response to 1st HSCT
Allogeneic
Comparative studies demonstrate similar or worse survival in myeloablative allogeneic HSCT compared with autologous HSCT -high TRM with myeloablative conditioning
1 of 3 RCT demonstrated improvement in survival with autologous HSCT followed by a RIC allogeneic HSCT compared with a tandem autologous HSCT
Severe Aplastic Anemia (SAA) Key Recommendations -2
OS MRD 70-87%
OS MUD 50-67%
Matched related donor BMT
Recommended for initial therapy for newly diagnosed patients if they have severe or very SAA and are <50 years old (or 50–60 years old with good performance status), and has failed at least one course of antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporine
Solid Tumor Key Recommendations - Germ Cell Tumors
Autologous HSCT recommended for relapsed
disease- may be curative
Solid Tumor Key Recommendations - High-Risk Neuroblastoma
Autologous HSCT recommended as part of first line
therapy (current trial comparing single vs. tandem)
HSCT Pre-transplant Process - Patient Evaluation -10
Appropriateness of HSCT
• Disease and stage, age, PS, organ function
• Chemosensitivity
Patient evaluation • History & Physical • CBC + chemistries • Virology • Blood & HLA typing • Cardiac/Pulmonary • CXR; Labs • CT scans; Disease evaluation • Urinalysis; Pregnancy
HSCT Pre-transplant Process - Donor Evaluation -8
- HLA typing
- History & Physical
- CBC + chemistries
- PT/ APTT
- Blood type
- Virology
- Cardiac studies
- Pregnancy test
Stem Cell Collection -Bone marrow harvest -3
Multiple aspirations of posterior iliac crest
Requires general anesthesia; Limited by health of donor;
Serious adverse event rate < 0.3%
10-20 mL/kg recipient weight = TNC 2 - 4 x 108/kg
Stem Cell Collection -Peripheral blood stem cell harvest =3
Requires “mobilization” of cells
No anesthesia; may require multiple apheresis
Minimal risks: dec Ca2+, anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypotension, thrombosis
Stem Cell Collection -Umbilical cord blood
Collected before or after placental delivery
slide 19C
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Stem Cell Mobilization - allo -1
Filgrastim alone
Stem Cell Mobilization - auto -4
Colony stimulating factor alone (filgrastim or sargramostim or both)
Colony stimulating factor + chemotherapy
Colony stimulating factor + plerixafor
Colony stimulating factor + chemotherapy + plerixafor
Factors Negatively Affecting Stem Cell Mobilization -7
Tumor infiltration of bone marrow
Fibrotic bone marrow
Pelvic or abdominal irradiation
Marrow hypocellularity
Prior exposure to stem cell toxin
Alkylating agents; nitrosoureas; fludarabine; lenalidomide
Number of prior regimens; duration of exposure, short
interval since last chemotherapy
Age > 60 – 70 years
Baseline platelet count < 150 x 109/L
Plerixafor + filgrastim
more cells collected, fewer median apheresis sessions, less mobilization failures than filgrastim alone
slide 20C-21A
&&&
HSCT Conditioning Regimens -ALLO MALIGNANT -4
immunosuppress (anti-graft rejection)
make space (ablate)
eradicate dz (anti-tumor)
avoid overlapping toxicities
HSCT Conditioning Regimens -ALLO NON-MALIGNANT -3
immunosuppress (anti-graft rejection)
make space (ablate)
avoid overlapping toxicities
HSCT Conditioning Regimens -AUTO -3
make space (ablate)
eradicate dz (anti-tumor)
avoid overlapping toxicities
22C
study slide!!! ADR
Dz Sensitivity to GVT Effects
CLL, low-grade NHL, CML, Mantle cell NHL (CAN USE NON-MYELOABLATIVE) >
Intermediate- grade NHL, AML, MM, HD >
High grade- NHL, ALL
HSCT Conditioning Regimen Intensity Defined - Myeloablative (MA) regimens
Irreversible cytopenia and stem cell support is mandatory
HSCT Conditioning Regimen Intensity Defined - Nonmyeloablative (NMA) regimens
Minimal cytopenia; given with or without stem cell support
Rely on immunosuppression to allow engraftment
Tumor eradication depends on GVT effects
Low dose total body irradiation and immunosuppressive chemotherapy
HSCT Conditioning Regimen Intensity Defined -RIC regimens do not fit criteria for MA or NMA
Cytopenia of variable duration, should be given with stem cell support
“High-dose” TBI
800-1320 cGy
“Low-dose” TBI
200-400 cGy
myeloablative ex regimen
Cy/TBI, BEAM
RIC ex regimen
Flu/Bu/ATG (Bu is 1mg/kg q6h), Flu/melphalan
NON-myeloablative ex regimen
Flu/low dose TBI
Comparing RIC/NMA to
Myeloablative Conditioning
Risk of NRM is lower with RIC/NMA
Fewer inpatient hospital days
Reduced need for transfusion
Shorter duration of neutropenia & dec bacterial infections
Risk of relapse is higher with RIC/NMA
Risk of PFS (? and OS) is similar (because need for GVT effect)
Risk of acute GVHD before day 100 may be lower, but patients develop late-onset acute GVHD
Incidence of chronic GVHD is similar
Causes of Death after Transplants performed in 2008-2009 - primary dz
MRD: 33
MUD: 47
auto: 73
Causes of Death after Transplants performed in 2008-2009 - GVHD
MRD: 14
MUD: 19
auto: 0
Causes of Death after Transplants performed in 2008-2009 - infection
MRD: 12
MUD: 16
auto: 8
HSCT Preparative Chemotherapy Non-Hematologic DLT -BUSULFAN
hepatotoxicity
pulmonary tox
GI
HSCT Preparative Chemotherapy Non-Hematologic DLT -CARBOPLATIN
nephrotox
ototoxicity
pulmonary tox
HSCT Preparative Chemotherapy Non-Hematologic DLT -CARMUSTINE
pulmonary tox
hepatotoxicity
HSCT Preparative Chemotherapy Non-Hematologic DLT -CYCLOPHOS
cardiotox
HSCT Preparative Chemotherapy Non-Hematologic DLT -CYTARABINE
neurotox
HSCT Preparative Chemotherapy Non-Hematologic DLT -ETOPOSIDE
mucositis
HSCT Preparative Chemotherapy Non-Hematologic DLT -FLUDARABINE
neurotox
HSCT Preparative Chemotherapy Non-Hematologic DLT -IFOS
nephrotox
neurotox
bladder tox
HSCT Preparative Chemotherapy Non-Hematologic DLT -MELPHALAN
mucositis
HSCT Preparative Chemotherapy Non-Hematologic DLT -THIOTEPA
neurotox
mucositis
HSCT Preparative Chemotherapy Non-Hematologic DLT -TBI
pulmonary tox
hepatotoxicity
GI