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BMS exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Zika Virus

A

transmitted from mosquito bites
- causes microcephaly and there is no vaccine

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2
Q

West Nile Virus

A

bite of a mosquito; can lead to meningitis or encephalitis

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3
Q

Dengue

A

Bite of mosquitos
- also known as Breakbone Fever
complications: bleeding from the nose or gums
- there is a vaccine

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4
Q

Chikungunya

A

muscle and joint pain; joint swelling

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5
Q

Ebola

A

also known as Hemorrhagic fever
- unexplained hemorrhaging, bleeding, and bruising

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6
Q

EEE- Eastern Equine Encephalitis

A

rapid progression

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7
Q

Powassan Virus

A

From an infected tick

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8
Q

SARS

A

Severe acute respiratory syndrome
- no known cases since 2004

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9
Q

MERS

A

Complications include Pneumonia and kidney failure

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10
Q

SARS CoV2

A

Spreads through respiratory droplets
New loss of taste or smell

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11
Q

Pharyngitis

A

Pathogen: streptococcus pyogenes
white spots visible on walls of the throat , goes hand and hand with strep throat
Treat to prevent complications such as:
- scarlet fever
- rheumatic fever
- glomerulonephritis

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12
Q

Common cold

A

Most common Rhinovirus

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13
Q

Sinusitis

A

can be mixed infections, caused by bacteria, viruses, and fungi; often a mixture of other organisms

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14
Q

Acute Otitis Media

A

Pathogen: streptococcus pneumoniae
Ear infection

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15
Q

Diphtheria

A

caused by: corynebacterium diphtheriae- toxin producing organism creating Pueudomembrane forming on the tonsils and pharynx; high mortality

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16
Q

Influenza

A

extreme fatigue
antigen drift: constant mutation in viral glycoproteins
antigen shift: swapping of genes from one flu virus to another causing strains
Flu A related to epidemics and high mortality
H and N help attach to the cell. They constantly change and so does the strain typing

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17
Q

Whooping cough or Pertussis

A

Pathogen: Bordetella pertussis ( produces toxins)
Very distinct cough, leads to difficulty in breathing
2 stages:
Catarrhal: 3-21 days cold-like symptoms
Paroxysmal: worsening of disease

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18
Q

Respiratory syncytial virus

A

form large multinucleated cells called SYNCYTIA
no vaccine but passive atntibodies
Problematic for babies

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19
Q

Tuberculosis

A

caused by: mycobacterium tuberculosis
Consumption: gradual wasting away of the body responsible
Necrotic lesions
Hallmark sign: granule a formation
Treatment: multiple drugs for a long time

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20
Q

Pneumonia

A

inflammatory condition of the lung which fluids fills the alveoli
bacteria, viruses, and fungi cause it
Two types: community-acquired and healthcare-associated

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21
Q

Community-acquired Pneumonia

A

Cause: Streptococcus pneumoniae
risk factors: old age and alcohol
Cause: legionella pneeumophilia
persists in aquatic habitats
Cause: atypical pneumonia caused by mycoplasma pneumoniae
called this because symptoms are not the same as pneumococcus
“ walking pneumonia”
Cause: Hantavirus
severe lung edema; in healthy adults
called HPS- hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
associated with mice
Cause: Histoplasma capsulatum
dimorphic fungus, moist soils high in nitrogen content

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22
Q

Healthcare-associated Pneumonia

A

Cause: streptococcus pneumoniae or klebisella pneumoniae
2nd most common nosocomial infection

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23
Q

Defense mechanisms

A

mucus, secretory, peristalsis, fluids, immune cells, normal flora- vast in number and variety

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24
Q

Salmonellosis

A

Cause: Salmonella enteritidis
enteric fever or gastroenteritis
- blood in stool, septicemia
Associated with contaminated poultry

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25
Shigellosis
Cause: Shigella sonnei and Shigella dysenteriae bacillary dysentery produces shiga toxin causing tissue erosion; bloody diarrhea needs less organisms that salmonella
26
E.coli
Also known as Enterohemorrhagic E. coli- different than other strains 10% develop HUS- hemolytic uremic syndrome - hemolytic anemia
27
Campylobacter
Cause: Campylobacter jejuni neuromuscular paralysis called Guillain Barre syndrome Food borne diarrhea
28
Yersinia
cause: Yersinia enterocolitica Often mistaken for appendicitis abdominal pain and fever
29
Clostridium difficile
Causes pseudomembranous colitis or antibiotic-associated colitis
30
Vibrio chloerae
severe weight loss; intense vomiting and diarrhea Rare INGESTED SALT WATER
31
Cryptosporidium
intestinal protozoan outbreaks associated with swimming pools and aids
32
Rotavirus
responsible for 50% of diarrheal diseases Young children; get vaccine
33
Food poisoning
S. aureus: tolerates high salt Bacillus cereus: causes vomiting and diarrhea Clostridium perfringens: food left unrefrigerated
34
Cyclospora
protozoan infection associated with fresh produce and water contaminated with feces can cause weight loss or anorexia; diarrhea
35
Giardiasis
caused by protozoan: Giardia lamblia foul-smelling stool Suckers cause malabsorption
36
Entamoeba
Most significant pathogen among amoebas: is Entamoeba histolytica causes dysentery; more severe tissue damage
37
Dental caries
caused by: Streptococcus mutans results in a toothache sticky polymers called fructans and glucans causes decalcification of the enamel
38
Periodontal disease
caused by: polymicrobial biofilm ( bacteroides, porphyromonas, fusobacterium) anaerobic bacteria initial stage: gingivitis and interchangeable terms
39
Mumps
swelling of the parotid glands can lead to sterility in men
40
Gastritis and Gastric ulcers
Pathogen: Helicobactor pylori Metronidazole - cannot drink
41
Hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver - leads to jaundice caused by CMV and EBV
42
Hepatitis A and E
transmitted fecal/oral route minor/self limited A- Associated to contaminant shellfish
43
Hepatitis B
very series, life-threatening - development of liver cancer
44
Hepatitis C
Takes years for noticeable symptoms Liver failure from HCV liver cancer and transplant
45
GI tracts caused by Helminths
Eosinophilia - the hallmark sign - have complex life cycles and may involve more than one host no vaccine
46
Enterobius vermicularis
Nematode often called pinworm most common in children
47
Taenia solium
tape worm; the pig worm Proglandans- part of their body can fall off inside the body Can have suckers and hooks latch on and grow, take all nutrition
48
The upper part of the urinary system is
sterile
49
UTI types
Causes: E.coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, enterococcus faecalis Cystitis- bladder Pyelonephritis- kidneys Urethritis- urethra frequent urges to urinate, dysuria (burning), and hematuria ( blood) Risks: diabetics have changes in their immune system, catheters infants in children: abnormalities in the urinary tract Women: natural anatomy Men: kidney stones, blood clots, tumors, scar tissue or structural defect UTIs in the elderly can cause delusions
50
Leptospirosis- zoonic
cause- leptospira interrogans - dogs, cats, and rats carry them - many infections asymptomatic
51
Gonorrhea*
Cause: Neisseria gonorrhoeae One of the most common STD's babies can get gonococcal eye infection
52
Chlamydia *
cause: Chlamydia trachomatis - symptoms mimic gonorrhea not uncommon to have both gonorrhea and chlamydia
53
Vaginitis
Cause: Candida albicans - usually opportunistic
54
Vaginosis
Cause: Gardnerella vaginalis shift in normal flora, less Lactobacillus sp. have "clue cells" covered in bacteria Can lead to infertility
55
Prostatitis
inflammation of the prostate gland
56
Trichomonas vaginalis*
pear-shaped protozoa with 4 flagella - experience white to green frothy discharge can cause pregnancy issues Can lead to complications
57
Syphilis*
Caused by Treponema pallidum Can have latent periods; progresses with no treatment Primary syphilis: the appearance of Chancre (painless) Secondary syphilis: skin rash, hair can fallout; can linger for months to years; complications occur in bones, hair follicles, joints, liver, eyes, and brains Tertiary phase: Gummas form Neurosyphilis, congenital syphilis (cross placenta)
58
Chancroid
caused by: Haemophilus ducreyi ulcerative
59
Human papillomavirus- HPV
Genital warts - some types of HPV lead to abnormal cell changes and malignancies - known to cause cervical and anal cancer
60
Group B streptococcus
Streptococcus agalactiae - associated with pre-term delivery in pregnant women - CDC recommends screening all women

BMS LECTURE (4 decks)

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