BMS EXAM 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Sterilization
A
Kills all microbes
2
Q
Disinfection
A
Kills negative microbes
3
Q
Pasteurization
A
Decreases amount of bacteria
4
Q
Bacteriostatic
A
Inhibits growth of bacteria
5
Q
Bacteriocidal
A
Kills bacteria
6
Q
Narrow spectrum
A
Antibiotic useful against only one type of organism
7
Q
Broad spectrum
A
Antibiotic that can be used against many different types of organism
8
Q
Selective toxicity
A
Chemical or antibotic that would hurt the organism but not our body cells
9
Q
Methods of physical control
A
Heat, cold storage, dehydration, radiation, filtration and osmotic pressure
10
Q
Types of heat
A
Moist: hot water or steam ( 60-135c)
Dry: oven or open flame
11
Q
Cold storage
A
Fridge, freezer, dry freezing
12
Q
Dehydration
A
Inhibits microbial enzymes and growth
13
Q
Radiation
A
Gamma, x, and ultraviolet rays
The shirt wavelengths control microbial growth
14
Q
Filtration
A
Removes microbes from air and liquid
Only fluid can pass through, not organisms
- used for liquids that cannot withstand heat
- HEPA: high efficiency particulate air filter
15
Q
Osmotic pressure
A
Hypotonic- cell ruptures
Hypertonic- cell shrinks
Isotonic- cell stays the same
16
Q
Chemical control of microbial growth
A
Chlorine
Eythol alcohol
Hydrogen peroxide
Quaternary ammonium
Ethylene oxide gas
17
Q
Characteristics of selecting a chemical
A
Rapid action, solubility, long term stability, broad spectrum activity, nontoxic to humans, resistance to inactivation, no corrosive, sanitize and deodorizing properties, affordable and available
18
Q
Effecting factors of chemical activity
A
Nature of organism and material being treated, degree of contamination, time of exposure, and the strength/action of chemical
19
Q
Susceptibility testing methods
A
Kirby bauer disc diffusion, tube dilution , e test
20
Q
Agar standardization
A
Incubation at 37c for 18-24 hrs
4 mm deep
pH: 7.2 - 7.6
Mueller Hinton
21
Q
MIC
A
Minimum inhibitory concentration to inhibits microbial growth
22
Q
MBC
A
Minimum bacterial concentration to kill all organism of antibotic
23
Q
Symbiosis
A
Live together
24
Q
Mutualism
A
Both member benefit from reaction
25
Commensalism
One member benefits but does not significantly affect the other
26
Parasitism
One organism benefits and other is harmed
27
Resident flora
Remain on host throughout life
On digestive tract, urethra vagina etc
Contact at birth, enters through nose and mouth colonize gastrointestinal tract from food eaten
28
Transient flora
Only in host for short period of time
29
Opportunistic pathogens
Come from a change in normal flora
- flora moves to an unusual site in body
- immune system is suppressed
- changes in normal flora
- hormonal changes, stress, changes in diet, and exposure to large number of pathogens
30
Zoonoses
Infections spread easily from animal to host
31
Non living reservoirs
Soil, water, and food
32
Portals of entry
Skin, hair follicles, sweat glands, cuts, abrasions, stab wounds and surgeries
33
Mucous membranes
Line all body cavities that are open to the outside world
34
Placenta
In 2% of pregnancies pathogens can pass this barrier and affect the babies
35
Parenteral route
Unnatural portal of entry
36
Disease
I hurry to the body interest with bodies normal function
37
Morbidity
Causes a change in the state of health
38
Symptoms
Characteristics of a disease
39
Signs
Manifestations if the disease that can be observed
40
Syndrome
Group of signs and symptoms that characterize a specific disease
41
Asymptomatic or sub clinical
Infections that go unnoticed because they have no signs of symptoms
42
Hereditary
Errors in genetic codes received from parents
43
Congenital
Defects present a birth
44
Nutritional
Lack of essential nutrients
45
Endocrine
Deficiency of hormones
46
Mental
emotional or psychosomatic
47
Immunological
Hyper or hypo active immunity
48
Neoplastic
Tumor or abnormal cell growth
49
Infectious
Caused by infectious agent
50
Latrogenic
Caused by medical treatment or procedures
51
Idiopathic
Unknown causes
52
Nosocomial
Acquired in a health care setting
53
Pathogenicity
Ability of microorganism to cause a disease
54
Virulence
Degree of pathogenicity
Factors:
- traits of pathogenicity
- interaction that allows pathogen to enter and adhere to host
55
Extracellular enzymes
Enzymes produced by pathogens that dissolve structural chemicals
Hyalurondiase digests hyaluronic acid
Collagenase breaks down collagen
Coagulase causes blood clots
Kinases digests blood clots
56
Toxins (2 types)
Exotoxins and endotoxins
Exotoxins:
Cytotoxins- kill host cells and affect their functions
Neurotoxins- interferes with nerve cell function
Enterotoxins- affects cell lining and gastrointestinal tract
Endotoxins:
part of cell wall in gram negative cells
- when gram negative cells divide die or killed by immune cells
57
Anti phagocytosis chemcials
Cells produce chemicals that prevent fusion of lysosomes with phagocytosic vesicles
58
Stages of infectious disease
Incubation period: time between exposure and the production of signs and symptoms
Prodromal period
Illness
Decline
Convalescence
59
Portals of exit
Ears, eyes, nose, mouth, blood, vaginal, seminal, mammary, urethral, anus
60
Modes of transmission
Direct contract
Indirect contact: needles, toothbrushes
Droplet: coughing and sneezing
Air borne: cough or sneeze
Waterborne: fecal or oral infection
Food borne: uncooked, poorly refrigerated
Bodily fluid transmission : urine or blood
Vector transmission: insect ( biological: blood sucking) ( mechanical: Carrie’s onto body parts)
61
Acute disease
Develops fast, short period of time
62
Chronic disease
Slow developing, lasts a long time
63
Subacute diseases
Between acute and chronic
64
Latent diseases
Remains inactive before becoming reactive
65
Contagious disease
Spread easily
66
Noncommunicable disease
Cannot transfer from person to person
67
Paul Ehrlich
chemotherapy magic bullets
68
alexander fleming
discovered penicillin
69
Gerhard Domgak
sulfanilamide- treats an array of bacterial infections
70
Selman Waksman
made the name antibiotic
discovered other organisms that are sources of useful antibiotics
71
naturally occuring
antimicrobials produced by one organism to kill another
72
semi synthetics
chemically altered antibiotics
- more effective
- longer lasting
- easier to administer
73
synthetics
completely synthesized in a laboratory
74
selective toxicity
more harmful to pathogen than the host
75
mechanisms of action
drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis
inhibition of protein synthesis
disruption of cytoplasmic membranes
inhibition of metabolic pathways
inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
prevention of attachment
76
ideal antibiotic
available, inexpensive, chemically stable, easily administered, nontoxic and non allergenic, selective toxicity
77
Zone of inhibition
clear zone bacteria does not grow in mm
- checked as susceptible, resistant or intermediate
78
safety and side effects
toxicity, allergies, and disruption of normal microbiota
79
resistance can be acquired by
mutations or acquiring resistant genes in DNA called R plasmids
80
mechanisms of resistance
produce enzymes to destroy drug
prevention of entry of the drug
resistant cells can alter the target of the drug
alter their metabolic chemistry
pump antimicrobial out of the cell before the drug can act
bacteria with biofilms resist drugs
synthesize unusual proteins
81
cross resistance
occurs among drugs with similar structures
82
preventing resistance
keep a high concentration of drug in patients body
combination therapy
limit the use of antibiotics to necessary cases
development of new drugs
83
antigen
any agent that is capable of binding specifically to component of immune system such as lymphocytes macrophages, antibodies
84
antibody
a freely circulating soluble protein produced by cells of the immune system that protects against foreign substances
85
IgG
major antibody in blood and lymphatic circulation (80%)
2 binding sites
long term immunity
86
IgA
10-15% in blood
found in tears, saliva, and secretions
provides local protection against bacteria and viruses
87
IgD
unknown function
88
IgE
implicated in allergic reactions, stimulating basophils to release histamine
provides protection against parasites
89
IgM
largest of all antibodies
5-10%
cannot cross the placenta
first antibody to react in immunity and causes clumping of red blood cells
90
Bone marrow
found in flat and irregular bones
site of hematopoietic stem cells- source of all blood cells
91
neutrophils
most abundant
migrate to the site of infection, phagocytize invading organisms
92
Eosinophils
have some phagocytic activity
increase during hypersensitivity reactions and parasitic infections
93
basophils
lowest abundance
accumulate at the sight of infection and increase blood flow to the area
role in allergic response and inflammatory response
94
monocytes
large circulating of phagocytic cells that develop into macrophages
engulfment and destruction of bacteria
95
macrophages
ingest antigens, break them down and present them to the lymphocytes
96
dendric cells
arse from monocytes
check the environment for microorganisms ingested and break down
97
innate
defense mechanisms always present
98
adaptive
activated when innate mechanisms for insufficient
99
the first line of defense
skin, stomach acidity, sneezing and coughing, perspiration, tears, saliva, and urine
100
chemical barriers
skin pH 4.5-6
sebum
sweat glands
digestive enzymes
101
second line of defense
phagocytosis
102
steps of inflammation
-injury to capillaries or tissue
-bradykinin activates sensory nerve
-pain stimulates mast cells and basophils to release histamines
-bradykinin and histamine cause capillary dilation, increased blood flow and increased capillary permeability
- entry of bacteria, migration of neutrophils and monocytes to the site of injury occurs
- neutrophils phagocytize bacteria and destroy them
- monocytes that have matured into macrophages also ingest and destroy microbes
103
symptoms of inflammation
redness increased temperature, swelling, and pain
104
fever
called pyrexia
anything above 98.6
response to extensive inflammation or microbial invasion
105
interferon
glycoprotein produced interferes with a virus
106
cytokines
small proteins, act as chemicals messenger allowing cells of the immune system to communicate with each other
107
complement system
consists of 35 proteins,
activation of the complement cascade
can be activated by various pathways that play a role in inflammation
108
the third line of defense
cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity
109
Types of T cell
cytotoxic killer cells- destroy viruses
helper T cells- stimulate growth division of cytotoxic T cells
suppressor T cells- release chemicals to regulate the immune response
Memory T cells- recognize and respond to pathogens that previously invaded the body
110
Humoral immunity
each B cell carries a specific antibody that recognizes a specific antigen
after recognizing B cells become activated and start dividing into plasma cells and memory cells
plasma cells are short-lived antibody-producing cells
memory cells are long-lasting
111
primary immune response
the immune system is exposed to specific antigens for the first time
- B cells produce IgM antibodies
- later in the primary response IgG, IgE, and IgA
112
secondary immune response
-the same antigen is reexposed to the immune system
- the rate of antibody synthesis is significantly higher
- due to memory B cells
- basis of booster shots in vaccines
113
active ad passive immunity
active: induced by disease of vaccination can be love lived or permanent
passive: antibodies from an outside source. temporary
114
Types of vaccines
attenuated microbes
vaccines from killed or fragmented microbes
DNA immunizations through recombinant DNA technology
toxoids
115
Diseases caused by the immune system
allergy or hypersensitive reactions-
autoimmune diseases
immune deficiency
116
Hypersensitivity reactions
Type 1 immediate hypersensitivity :
- occurs after seconds/minutes of exposure
Type 2 Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
- destruction of antigen-bearing cells by enzyme
Type 3 immune complex hypersensitivity
- formation of antigen-antibody immune complexes
Type 4 delayed hypersensitivity
- takes up to 24 hours for the reaction to occur
117
autoimmune diseases
immune system is unable to distinguish between self antigens and nonself antigens- immune system attacks cells, tissues, and organs of the body
118
immune deficiency diseases
specific cells of the immune system do not function properly
119
severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
B or T cells are inactive or missing
