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BMS LECTURE > BMS EXAM 2 > Flashcards

BMS EXAM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Sterilization

A

Kills all microbes

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2
Q

Disinfection

A

Kills negative microbes

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3
Q

Pasteurization

A

Decreases amount of bacteria

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4
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

Inhibits growth of bacteria

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5
Q

Bacteriocidal

A

Kills bacteria

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6
Q

Narrow spectrum

A

Antibiotic useful against only one type of organism

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7
Q

Broad spectrum

A

Antibiotic that can be used against many different types of organism

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8
Q

Selective toxicity

A

Chemical or antibotic that would hurt the organism but not our body cells

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9
Q

Methods of physical control

A

Heat, cold storage, dehydration, radiation, filtration and osmotic pressure

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10
Q

Types of heat

A

Moist: hot water or steam ( 60-135c)
Dry: oven or open flame

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11
Q

Cold storage

A

Fridge, freezer, dry freezing

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12
Q

Dehydration

A

Inhibits microbial enzymes and growth

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13
Q

Radiation

A

Gamma, x, and ultraviolet rays
The shirt wavelengths control microbial growth

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14
Q

Filtration

A

Removes microbes from air and liquid
Only fluid can pass through, not organisms
- used for liquids that cannot withstand heat
- HEPA: high efficiency particulate air filter

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15
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

Hypotonic- cell ruptures
Hypertonic- cell shrinks
Isotonic- cell stays the same

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16
Q

Chemical control of microbial growth

A

Chlorine
Eythol alcohol
Hydrogen peroxide
Quaternary ammonium
Ethylene oxide gas

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17
Q

Characteristics of selecting a chemical

A

Rapid action, solubility, long term stability, broad spectrum activity, nontoxic to humans, resistance to inactivation, no corrosive, sanitize and deodorizing properties, affordable and available

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18
Q

Effecting factors of chemical activity

A

Nature of organism and material being treated, degree of contamination, time of exposure, and the strength/action of chemical

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19
Q

Susceptibility testing methods

A

Kirby bauer disc diffusion, tube dilution , e test

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20
Q

Agar standardization

A

Incubation at 37c for 18-24 hrs
4 mm deep
pH: 7.2 - 7.6
Mueller Hinton

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21
Q

MIC

A

Minimum inhibitory concentration to inhibits microbial growth

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22
Q

MBC

A

Minimum bacterial concentration to kill all organism of antibotic

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23
Q

Symbiosis

A

Live together

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24
Q

Mutualism

A

Both member benefit from reaction

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25
Q

Commensalism

A

One member benefits but does not significantly affect the other

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26
Q

Parasitism

A

One organism benefits and other is harmed

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27
Q

Resident flora

A

Remain on host throughout life
On digestive tract, urethra vagina etc
Contact at birth, enters through nose and mouth colonize gastrointestinal tract from food eaten

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28
Q

Transient flora

A

Only in host for short period of time

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29
Q

Opportunistic pathogens

A

Come from a change in normal flora
- flora moves to an unusual site in body
- immune system is suppressed
- changes in normal flora
- hormonal changes, stress, changes in diet, and exposure to large number of pathogens

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30
Q

Zoonoses

A

Infections spread easily from animal to host

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31
Q

Non living reservoirs

A

Soil, water, and food

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32
Q

Portals of entry

A

Skin, hair follicles, sweat glands, cuts, abrasions, stab wounds and surgeries

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33
Q

Mucous membranes

A

Line all body cavities that are open to the outside world

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34
Q

Placenta

A

In 2% of pregnancies pathogens can pass this barrier and affect the babies

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35
Q

Parenteral route

A

Unnatural portal of entry

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36
Q

Disease

A

I hurry to the body interest with bodies normal function

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37
Q

Morbidity

A

Causes a change in the state of health

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38
Q

Symptoms

A

Characteristics of a disease

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39
Q

Signs

A

Manifestations if the disease that can be observed

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40
Q

Syndrome

A

Group of signs and symptoms that characterize a specific disease

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41
Q

Asymptomatic or sub clinical

A

Infections that go unnoticed because they have no signs of symptoms

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42
Q

Hereditary

A

Errors in genetic codes received from parents

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43
Q

Congenital

A

Defects present a birth

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44
Q

Nutritional

A

Lack of essential nutrients

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45
Q

Endocrine

A

Deficiency of hormones

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46
Q

Mental

A

emotional or psychosomatic

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47
Q

Immunological

A

Hyper or hypo active immunity

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48
Q

Neoplastic

A

Tumor or abnormal cell growth

49
Q

Infectious

A

Caused by infectious agent

50
Q

Latrogenic

A

Caused by medical treatment or procedures

51
Q

Idiopathic

A

Unknown causes

52
Q

Nosocomial

A

Acquired in a health care setting

53
Q

Pathogenicity

A

Ability of microorganism to cause a disease

54
Q

Virulence

A

Degree of pathogenicity
Factors:
- traits of pathogenicity
- interaction that allows pathogen to enter and adhere to host

55
Q

Extracellular enzymes

A

Enzymes produced by pathogens that dissolve structural chemicals
Hyalurondiase digests hyaluronic acid
Collagenase breaks down collagen
Coagulase causes blood clots
Kinases digests blood clots

56
Q

Toxins (2 types)

A

Exotoxins and endotoxins
Exotoxins:
Cytotoxins- kill host cells and affect their functions
Neurotoxins- interferes with nerve cell function
Enterotoxins- affects cell lining and gastrointestinal tract
Endotoxins:
part of cell wall in gram negative cells
- when gram negative cells divide die or killed by immune cells

57
Q

Anti phagocytosis chemcials

A

Cells produce chemicals that prevent fusion of lysosomes with phagocytosic vesicles

58
Q

Stages of infectious disease

A

Incubation period: time between exposure and the production of signs and symptoms
Prodromal period
Illness
Decline
Convalescence

59
Q

Portals of exit

A

Ears, eyes, nose, mouth, blood, vaginal, seminal, mammary, urethral, anus

60
Q

Modes of transmission

A

Direct contract
Indirect contact: needles, toothbrushes
Droplet: coughing and sneezing
Air borne: cough or sneeze
Waterborne: fecal or oral infection
Food borne: uncooked, poorly refrigerated
Bodily fluid transmission : urine or blood
Vector transmission: insect ( biological: blood sucking) ( mechanical: Carrie’s onto body parts)

61
Q

Acute disease

A

Develops fast, short period of time

62
Q

Chronic disease

A

Slow developing, lasts a long time

63
Q

Subacute diseases

A

Between acute and chronic

64
Q

Latent diseases

A

Remains inactive before becoming reactive

65
Q

Contagious disease

A

Spread easily

66
Q

Noncommunicable disease

A

Cannot transfer from person to person

67
Q

Paul Ehrlich

A

chemotherapy magic bullets

68
Q

alexander fleming

A

discovered penicillin

69
Q

Gerhard Domgak

A

sulfanilamide- treats an array of bacterial infections

70
Q

Selman Waksman

A

made the name antibiotic
discovered other organisms that are sources of useful antibiotics

71
Q

naturally occuring

A

antimicrobials produced by one organism to kill another

72
Q

semi synthetics

A

chemically altered antibiotics
- more effective
- longer lasting
- easier to administer

73
Q

synthetics

A

completely synthesized in a laboratory

74
Q

selective toxicity

A

more harmful to pathogen than the host

75
Q

mechanisms of action

A

drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis
inhibition of protein synthesis
disruption of cytoplasmic membranes
inhibition of metabolic pathways
inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
prevention of attachment

76
Q

ideal antibiotic

A

available, inexpensive, chemically stable, easily administered, nontoxic and non allergenic, selective toxicity

77
Q

Zone of inhibition

A

clear zone bacteria does not grow in mm
- checked as susceptible, resistant or intermediate

78
Q

safety and side effects

A

toxicity, allergies, and disruption of normal microbiota

79
Q

resistance can be acquired by

A

mutations or acquiring resistant genes in DNA called R plasmids

80
Q

mechanisms of resistance

A

produce enzymes to destroy drug
prevention of entry of the drug
resistant cells can alter the target of the drug
alter their metabolic chemistry
pump antimicrobial out of the cell before the drug can act
bacteria with biofilms resist drugs
synthesize unusual proteins

81
Q

cross resistance

A

occurs among drugs with similar structures

82
Q

preventing resistance

A

keep a high concentration of drug in patients body
combination therapy
limit the use of antibiotics to necessary cases
development of new drugs

83
Q

antigen

A

any agent that is capable of binding specifically to component of immune system such as lymphocytes macrophages, antibodies

84
Q

antibody

A

a freely circulating soluble protein produced by cells of the immune system that protects against foreign substances

85
Q

IgG

A

major antibody in blood and lymphatic circulation (80%)
2 binding sites
long term immunity

86
Q

IgA

A

10-15% in blood
found in tears, saliva, and secretions
provides local protection against bacteria and viruses

87
Q

IgD

A

unknown function

88
Q

IgE

A

implicated in allergic reactions, stimulating basophils to release histamine
provides protection against parasites

89
Q

IgM

A

largest of all antibodies
5-10%
cannot cross the placenta
first antibody to react in immunity and causes clumping of red blood cells

90
Q

Bone marrow

A

found in flat and irregular bones
site of hematopoietic stem cells- source of all blood cells

91
Q

neutrophils

A

most abundant
migrate to the site of infection, phagocytize invading organisms

92
Q

Eosinophils

A

have some phagocytic activity
increase during hypersensitivity reactions and parasitic infections

93
Q

basophils

A

lowest abundance
accumulate at the sight of infection and increase blood flow to the area
role in allergic response and inflammatory response

94
Q

monocytes

A

large circulating of phagocytic cells that develop into macrophages
engulfment and destruction of bacteria

95
Q

macrophages

A

ingest antigens, break them down and present them to the lymphocytes

96
Q

dendric cells

A

arse from monocytes
check the environment for microorganisms ingested and break down

97
Q

innate

A

defense mechanisms always present

98
Q

adaptive

A

activated when innate mechanisms for insufficient

99
Q

the first line of defense

A

skin, stomach acidity, sneezing and coughing, perspiration, tears, saliva, and urine

100
Q

chemical barriers

A

skin pH 4.5-6
sebum
sweat glands
digestive enzymes

101
Q

second line of defense

A

phagocytosis

102
Q

steps of inflammation

A

-injury to capillaries or tissue
-bradykinin activates sensory nerve
-pain stimulates mast cells and basophils to release histamines
-bradykinin and histamine cause capillary dilation, increased blood flow and increased capillary permeability
- entry of bacteria, migration of neutrophils and monocytes to the site of injury occurs
- neutrophils phagocytize bacteria and destroy them
- monocytes that have matured into macrophages also ingest and destroy microbes

103
Q

symptoms of inflammation

A

redness increased temperature, swelling, and pain

104
Q

fever

A

called pyrexia
anything above 98.6
response to extensive inflammation or microbial invasion

105
Q

interferon

A

glycoprotein produced interferes with a virus

106
Q

cytokines

A

small proteins, act as chemicals messenger allowing cells of the immune system to communicate with each other

107
Q

complement system

A

consists of 35 proteins,
activation of the complement cascade
can be activated by various pathways that play a role in inflammation

108
Q

the third line of defense

A

cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity

109
Q

Types of T cell

A

cytotoxic killer cells- destroy viruses
helper T cells- stimulate growth division of cytotoxic T cells
suppressor T cells- release chemicals to regulate the immune response
Memory T cells- recognize and respond to pathogens that previously invaded the body

110
Q

Humoral immunity

A

each B cell carries a specific antibody that recognizes a specific antigen
after recognizing B cells become activated and start dividing into plasma cells and memory cells
plasma cells are short-lived antibody-producing cells
memory cells are long-lasting

111
Q

primary immune response

A

the immune system is exposed to specific antigens for the first time
- B cells produce IgM antibodies
- later in the primary response IgG, IgE, and IgA

112
Q

secondary immune response

A

-the same antigen is reexposed to the immune system
- the rate of antibody synthesis is significantly higher
- due to memory B cells
- basis of booster shots in vaccines

113
Q

active ad passive immunity

A

active: induced by disease of vaccination can be love lived or permanent
passive: antibodies from an outside source. temporary

114
Q

Types of vaccines

A

attenuated microbes
vaccines from killed or fragmented microbes
DNA immunizations through recombinant DNA technology
toxoids

115
Q

Diseases caused by the immune system

A

allergy or hypersensitive reactions-
autoimmune diseases
immune deficiency

116
Q

Hypersensitivity reactions

A

Type 1 immediate hypersensitivity :
- occurs after seconds/minutes of exposure
Type 2 Cytotoxic hypersensitivity
- destruction of antigen-bearing cells by enzyme
Type 3 immune complex hypersensitivity
- formation of antigen-antibody immune complexes
Type 4 delayed hypersensitivity
- takes up to 24 hours for the reaction to occur

117
Q

autoimmune diseases

A

immune system is unable to distinguish between self antigens and nonself antigens- immune system attacks cells, tissues, and organs of the body

118
Q

immune deficiency diseases

A

specific cells of the immune system do not function properly

119
Q

severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

A

B or T cells are inactive or missing

BMS LECTURE (4 decks)

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