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BMS exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Malassezia

A

tiny lipid-loving yeasts; aerobic gram-positive bacteria of staphylococcus and micrococcus
- tolerate 5-10% salt

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2
Q

Diphtheroids

A

pleomorphic gram-positive rods
- corynebacterium and propionibacterium

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3
Q

Folliculitis

A

infection of the hair follicle
pathogen: staphylococcus aureus

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4
Q

Virulence factors of Folliculitis

A

Coagulase- blood clots
Hyaluronidase- breaks down hyaluronic acid
Staphlokinase- dissolves clots
Lipases- digests sebum
B- lactamase- inactivates antibodies
Protein A- binds to igG blocking its activity
Leukocidin- kills white blood cells
Toxic shock syndrome
Exfoliate toxin

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5
Q

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome

A

Pathogen: Staphylococcus aureus
primary infects infants, children under 5, and immunocompromised patients
- treatment: sloughing of the skin

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6
Q

Impetigo and Erysipelas

A

Pathogen: streptococcus pyogenes
- small red patches on the skin( oz and puss)
- effects children 2-5 most commonly
virulence factors: M protein interferes with complement and phagocytosis, have hyaluronic capsule, and cause widespread shock and rash

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7
Q

Necrotizing Fascitis- flesh-eating strep

A

Pathogen: streptococcus pyogenes; this pathogen also secretes Exotoxin A (overacting immune system) and Streptolysin( cell destruction)

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8
Q

Acne

A

Pathogen: propionibacterium acnes
treatment: doxycycline and benzoyl peroxide

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9
Q

Cat scratch disease

A

Pathogen: bartonella henselae
Treatment: azithromycin

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10
Q

Pseudomonas infection

A

opportunist pathogen in burn wound victims otherwise unable to bypass physical and chemical defenses rarely causing diseases.

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11
Q

Rocky Mountain spotted fever- RMSF

A

Pathogen: Ricjettsia rickettsii
arthropod-borne microbe (tick)
non itchy spotted rash

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12
Q

Cutaneous Anthrax

A

Pathogen: Bacillus anthracis
- produces a solid skin nodule spreads forming a swollen black crusty ulcer called eschar

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13
Q

Gas Gangrene

A

Pathogen: Clostridium perfringes
intense pain, blackening of muscle and skin
- within a week of shock, kidney failure of death can occur
- requires a traumatic event to initiate infection(gunshot wound)
- treatment: large doses of IV and oxygen applied

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14
Q

Poxviruses: smallpox, compox, and monkeypox

A

Pathogen: variola virus
pathogenesis: close contact or inhalation of pathogen
eradicated in 1980
- no treatments

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15
Q

Herpes infections

A

Pathogen: herpes simplex virus 1 and 2
- flu-like symptoms
- can be spread from mother to fetus
- can be latent but you will always have it

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16
Q

Warts

A

Pathogen: papillomavirus - 60 different strains
- generally painless but may itch
takes 3-4months to appear
can be removed through surgery, freezing, cauterization, laser to caustic chemicals

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17
Q

Chickenpox and shingles

A

Pathogen: varicella-zoster virus (VZV)
- high contagious
- virus becomes latent in sensory nerves with reactivation in 15-20% in individuals
- most often seen in children

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18
Q

Rubella

A

Also called German measles or 3-day measles
can cause birth defects in babies
- no treatment; immunization available

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19
Q

Mealses

A

Also known as Rubeola or red measles
- Koplik spots appear
complications such as SSPE ( subacute sclerosing panencephalitis) - which causes changes personality change, loss of memory, muscle spasms blindness, and death
- no treatment; MMR vaccine av

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20
Q

Erythema Infeciosum

A

Pathogen: parvovirus
known as 5ths disease; similar structure to herpes
no treatment

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21
Q

Roseola

A

rose colored rash
Caused by human herpes virus 6 HHV-6

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22
Q

Coxsackievirus infection

A

Pathogen: coxsackie A virus
another type of Coxsackie is hand-foot-mouth disease

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23
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges
- specimen of choice is a lumbar puncture or spinal tap , obtains cerebral fluid for gram stain
- can use broad spectrum antibiotic

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24
Q

Neisseria Meningitidis

A

Forms lesions known as petechiae
highest risk groups are children 6-36 months and children and young adults 10-20 years old
Treatment is high dose IV

25
Streptococcus pneumoniae
causes community-acquired meningitis patients commonly have pneumonia at the same time High risk: alcoholics, sickle cell patients, and those without a spleen vaccines are Prevnar and Pneumovax
26
Haemophilus influenzae
affects children less than 5 years old hib- type B
27
listeria monocytogenes
-resistant to cold - the ability to cross the placenta - most cases are due to the ingestion of contaminated dairy products poultry or meat
28
Cryptococcus neoformans
-A yeast with a capsule found everywhere -Can cause chronic meningitis, especially in AIDS patients
29
Coccidioides species- valley fever
dimorphic - begins as a pulmonary infection
30
Viruses that cause meningitis
90% caused by enterovirus West Nile Virus HSV meningitis
31
Neonatal meningitis
most common causes are streptococcus agalactiar. E.Coli, Listeria monocytogenes
32
Poliomyelitis
An acute enteroviral infection of the spinal cord causes infantile paralysis and flaccid paralysis Paralysis causes a loss of cardiorespiratory function requiring mechanical respirators prevention through vaccination
33
Meningoencephalitis
-caused by amoebas: Naegleria fowleri or Acanthamoeba -Naegleria found in natural bodies of freshwater -An infection called PAM: primary amoebic meningoencephalitis - Acanthamoeba: enters through breaks in skin An infection called GAM: granulomatous amoebic meningoencephalitis
34
Toxoplasmosis
Caused by Toxoplasma gondii CATS pregnant women have 33% chance of passing to the fetus transmitted through ingestion of undercooked and contaminated meats
35
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease CJD
caused by prion Causes a disease known as a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. organisms are hardy, can survive chemical treatment, radiation, and autoclaving also known to be transmitted to health care professionals through contaminated surgical instruments
36
Rabies
sloe, progressive zoonotic disease characterized by fatal encephalitis incubation time of 1-2 months person may experience: Hydrophobia, anxiety, confusion, hallucinations, and insomnia
37
Tetanus
Pathogen: clostridium tetani Neuromuscular disease is known as lockjaw releases a powerful neurotoxin that binds to peripheral motor neurons - may develop spastic paralysis - symptoms include extreme arching of the back, flexion of the arms, and extensions of the legs - prevention through vaccine and a D-tap
38
Leprosy
Pathogen: Mycobacterium leprae also called Hansens disease Involves permanent damage to the skin, nerves, limbs, and eyes.
39
Normal flora in the cardiovascular system and lymphatic system
closed systems; contains no normal flora
40
Malaria
Meaning- bad air caused by Plasmodium sp. transmitted through mosquito bites symptoms include: recurring fever, coincide with rupturing of red blood cells
41
AIDS/ HIV
caused by HIV Two types ( HIV-1) mostly in US, Canada and Europe; (HIV-2) Africa called retrovirus- have unusual error-prone enzyme- reverse transcriptase Specifically targets CD4 ( T helper, macrophages, dendritic and Langerhans cells)
42
HIV spreads
blood semen, or vaginal fluids from an infected person enter another person's body - women with HIV can spread to baby via pregnancy, delivery, or breast feeding
43
Phases of HIV
The first stage is called acute retroviral syndrome; it can be mistaken for influenza or mononucleosis - enlarged lymph nodes Established phase: recurrent breakouts of herpes simplex Late stage: progresses to AIDS; easier to develop opportunistic infections or pneumonia
44
Opportunistic infections frequently found in AIDS patients
Bacteria: mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Viruses: herpes simplex Fungi: pneumocystis carinii, cryptococcus neoformans Protozoa: toxoplasma gondii, cryptosporidium species
45
AIDS related Malignancies
Kaposi Sarcoma: caused by human herpes virus 8 - blood vessels grow into tangled masses
46
Exams and Tests for HIV
Found when antibodies for HIV are detected in the blood ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay OR Western blot assay - only diagnosed after two or more positive ELISA tests Called seroconversion period when you have HIV but antibodies are not yet detected in the blood
47
HAART
Highly active antiretroviral therapy - slows down the rate of HIV multiplication
48
nonprogressors of HIV
symptoms do not progress - do not have declining CD4 cell counts - still living healthy - very low level of HIV in their blood
49
Endocarditis
inflammation of the endocardium infection of the heart valves two types: acute endocarditis and subacute endocarditis
50
Acute Endocarditis
colonization of heart valves- vegetation Most common organisms: staphylococcus aureus others: streptococcus pyogenes, and streptococcus pneumoniae
51
subacute endocarditis
damages to the heart valaves or congenital malformation bacteria attach to irregular tissue and create vegetation Caused by streptococcus mutans Transmission: vigorous tooth brushing, dental procedures, minor cuts, or lacerations
52
Septicemia
can be caused by many different organisms the patient is said to be septic - can result in decreased blood pressure, septic shock, and death endotoxin released by negative bacteria transmission: IV's, surgical procedures, and underlying infections - treated with broad-spectrum antibiotic
53
Plague
The US has less than 10 cases per year caused by Yersinia pestis infected through fleas 3 possible manifestations: - pneumonic: respiratory - bubonic: lymph node infections/ swollen lesions called buboes) - Septicemic- bacteria in blood casung purpura" black death"
54
Tularemia
caused by Francisella tularensis zoonotic diseases associated with rabbits- "rabbit fever" one of the most infectious of all bacteria death rate of 30%
55
Infectious Mononucleosis
caused by Epstein-Barr Virus ( EBV) - known as the kissing disease transmitted through oral contact with contaminated saliva symptoms: sore throat, high fever, and FATIGUE and most noticeable is rise in white blood cells, specifically B cells
56
Anthrax
Zoonotic diseases of sheep Caused by Bacillus anthracis Several types of infection: cutaneous, pulmonary, gastrointestinal and anthrax meningitis prevention through vaccination
57
Lyme disease
Caused by Borrelia burgdorferi transmitted through tick bites Diagnoses through molecular technology Prevention: no current vaccination, use protective clothes and repellants 3 stages: - 1st: most individuals get a rash that looks like a bulls-eye( erythema migrans" - 2nd: cardiac and neurological systems such as facial palsy 3rd: crippling arthritis, severely disabling
58
Chagas disease
Trypanosomiasis caused by protozan trypanosoma cruzi initial symptoms: fever, nausea, and fatigue; chronic include heart, GI, and brain complications Transmission: bite of a kissing bug

BMS LECTURE (4 decks)

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