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Bloody ass Bio cards Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the endocrine gland and 2 hormones responsible for the regulation of blood glucose level.

A

Pancreas: Insulin, Glucagon

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2
Q

Explain briefly how the pancreas (Insulin and glucagon) helps to lower blood glucose level.

A

Stimulates glucose uptake by cells, promotes glycogen synthesis in liver and muscles, inhibits glucose production in liver, Facilitates glucose storage as glycogen

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3
Q

Explain briefly how the Pancreas (Insulin, Glucagon) helps to raise blood glucose level.

A

Stimulates glycogen breakdown in liver, promotes glucose release from stored glycogen, Triggers gluconeogenesis (new glucose production), Increases glucose availability in bloodstream

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4
Q

Mdm Lim has osteoporosis. She fell and sustained a hip fracture.
Identify the 2 glands and 2 hormones responsible for the regulation of blood calcium level.

A

Parathyroid glands: Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Thyroid gland: Calcitonin

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5
Q

Explain briefly how the Calcitonin helps to lower blood calcium level.

A

Calcitonin (thyroid hormone) helps lower blood calcium by promoting bone deposition and reducing osteoclast activity

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6
Q

Explain briefly how the Parathyroid hormone (PTH) helps to raise blood calcium level.

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) raises blood calcium by increasing bone resorption and enhancing calcium absorption

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7
Q

Jenny experienced exophthalmos, palpitations and weight loss.
What condition does she most likely have?

A

Hyperthyroidism

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8
Q

Jenny has hyperthyroidism
Identify the gland and hormones.

A

Thyroid gland
Hormones: Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) and hormones responsible for this condition.

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9
Q

Outline the actions/functions of thyroxine and triiodothyronine.

A

Regulate metabolism, Control growth and development, Affect heart rate and nervous system activity

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10
Q

Identify the 2 hormones that prepare your body for fight or flight. Name the gland that secretes these hormones.

A

Epinephrine (Adrenaline) & Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline), Secreted by adrenal medulla

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11
Q

List 3 effects of Epinephrine (Adrenaline) & Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline), on your body.

A

Increased heart rate and blood pressure, Rapid breathing and increased oxygen supply, Redirected blood flow to muscles

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12
Q

Name the gland that secretes glucocorticoids.

A

Secreted by adrenal cortex

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13
Q

Describe briefly the actions/functions of glucocorticoids.

A

Regulate metabolism, Manage stress response, Control inflammation

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14
Q

Outline the roles of prolactin and oxytocin in breastfeeding a baby.

A

Prolactin: Stimulates milk production, Released during nursing
Oxytocin: Controls milk letdown reflex, Stimulates uterine contractions

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15
Q

Identify 3 hormones secreted by the anterior and posterior lobe of the Pituitary gland each.

A

Anterior lobe: Growth hormone, Thyroid-stimulating hormone, Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Posterior lobe: Oxytocin, Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin), Both produced by hypothalamus

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16
Q

Identify the 5 layers of the epidermis.

A

Stratum corneum, Stratum lucidum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum spinosum, Stratum basale

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17
Q

Name 3 types of cells found in the epidermis and explain their functions.

A

Keratinocytes: Produce keratin protein, Melanocytes: Produce melanin pigment, Langerhans cells: Immune function

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18
Q

Name 4 structures found in the dermis and explain their functions.

A

Blood vessels: Temperature regulation and nutrient supply
Hair follicles: Hair growth and protection
Sweat glands: Thermoregulation
Sebaceous glands: Oil production and skin moisturizing

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19
Q

Outline 3 functions of skin.

A

Protection, Regulation, Sensation

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20
Q

Describe briefly how the skin helps to regulate your body temperature.

A

Vasoconstriction/vasodilation of blood vessels, Sweating mechanism, Hair erection

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21
Q

Outline 3 functions of the kidneys.

A

Waste removal, Electrolyte balance, Fluid balance

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22
Q

Identify the tubular & vascular systems of a nephron

A

Tubular: Bowman’s capsule (glomerular capsule), Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), Loop of Henle (descending and ascending limbs), Distal convoluted tubule (DCT), Collecting duct
Vascular: Afferent arteriole (supplies blood to glomerulus), Glomerulus (network of fenestrated capillaries), Efferent arteriole (carries filtered blood away), Peritubular capillaries (surround tubules)

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23
Q

Explain briefly the 3 phases of urine formation

A

Filtration, Selective Reabsorption and Secretion

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24
Q

Identify 3 hormones that control the formation of urine and explain how.

A

Antidiuretic hormone: Controls water reabsorption in the kidneys
Aldosterone: Regulates electrolyte balance
Renin: Initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

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25
Nancy experienced frequency and urgency in urination. She is diagnosed with Urinary Tract Infection. Outline 3 functions of the urinary system.
Waste removal, Fluid balance regulation, chemical homeostasis
26
Identify the 4 organs that made up the urinary system and explain their functions.
Kidneys: Filter blood to remove waste and excess substances Uteters: Transport urine from kidneys to bladder Bladder: Store urine until elimination Urethra: Provide exit path for urine
27
List the composition of urine.
Water, Waste products (Urea, creatinine, ammonia, uric acid), Electrolytes (sodium, potassium, Hydrogen, calcium)
28
Explain briefly the process of micturition.
Bladder fills with urine, Nerves signal the brain when bladder is full, Brain sends signal to begin urination, Detrusor muscle (bladder muscle) contracts, Sphincter muscles relax, Urethra opens to allow urine flow, Bladder empties, Sphincters close, Urethra seals until next urination.
29
Identify the 5 physiological processes involved in fluid & electrolytes balance.
Osmoregulation, Electrolyte transport, Fluid compartment regulation, pH homeostasis, Volume regulation
30
Outline the distribution of fluid and electrolytes in the body
Intracellular fluid (ICF): 60-67% of total body water Extracellular fluid (ECF): 33-40% of total body water Electrolyte distribution varies by compartment: Sodium: Primarily in ECF, Potassium: Primarily in ICF, Calcium: Both compartments, Phosphate: Both compartments
31
Explain the 3 processes involved in the movement of fluid and electrolyte in the body.
Osmosis, active transport, passive transport
32
List the 2 sources of fluid intake & 4 ways by which the body loses water
Fluid intake: Dietary intake (drinks and food), Metabolic water production Water loss: Urinary excretion (primary route), Sweating (regulated by temperature), Fecal loss (minimal under normal conditions), Respiratory loss (water vapor in breath)
33
What regulates fluid intake in the body? Explain briefly how.
Primary regulator: Thirst mechanism Triggered by: Increased blood osmolality, Decreased blood volume, Hormonal signals Secondary regulators: Appetite for electrolyte-rich foods, Social and environmental factors
34
Identify the hormone that regulate fluid output and explain how.
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): Released by posterior pituitary, increases water reabsorption in collecting ducts, Controls urine concentration, Responds to blood volume changes
35
Identify the hormone that regulate electrolytes balance in the body and explain how.
Aldosterone: Produced by adrenal cortex, Controls sodium reabsorption, indirectly affects water balance, Responds to blood pressure changes
36
Outline 3 mechanisms which help in the regulation of fluid & electrolyte balance.
Renal Mechanism, Hormonal Mechanism, Cardiovascular Mechanism
37
Identify 2 factors that affect the fluid & electrolyte balance
Environmental Factors, Physiological Factors
38
State 3 possible causes of water deficit syndrome (dehydration).
Excessive loss, inadequate intake, Dysregulation
39
State 3 possible causes of water excess syndrome (overhydration).
Excessive intake, retention, dysregulation
40
Define immunity.
Immunity is the body's natural defense system that protects against pathogens and foreign substances through various mechanisms, including physical barriers, cellular responses, and molecular defenses
41
Timmy had a fever and cough. He saw a doctor and was diagnosed with upper respiratory tract infection. Outline the functions of Timmy’s immune system.
Recognition of pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi), Activation of appropriate defense mechanisms, Removal of infectious agents, Prevention of infection spread, Maintenance of tissue integrity
42
State 2 differences between innate and acquired immunity
Response time, specificity
43
Timmy had a fever and cough. He saw a doctor and was diagnosed with upper respiratory tract infection. Explain briefly the first line of defence in Timmy’s body
Physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes), Respiratory tract mucosa, Cilia in respiratory tract, Mucous production, Natural flora (beneficial bacteria)
44
Timmy had a fever and cough. He saw a doctor and was diagnosed with upper respiratory tract infection. Identify 4 types of second line defence in Timmy’s body.
Inflammatory response, phagocytic cells, Immune cell activation, Chemical defenses
45
Mr Tong experienced severe joint pain and have swelling over his knees and toes. He was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. Explain briefly how this condition affects his body.
Chronic inflammation of joints, Autoimmune attack on synovial tissue, Progressive joint damage, Systemic symptoms (fatigue, fever)
46
State the difference between autoimmune disease and immunodeficiency
Autoimmune disease: Immune system attacks self-tissues, Overactive response Immunodeficiency: Reduced immune system function, Inadequate response
47
What is Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?
Chronic autoimmune disease, Affects multiple organ systems, Variable presentation, Complex immune system dysregulation
48
Identify 3 clinical manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE).
Skin menifestations (Butterfly rash on face, Photosensitivity, Discoid lesions) Joint involvement (Arthritis, Morning stiffness, Joint pain) Systemic symptoms (Fever, Fatigue, Weight loss)
49
Define allergic reaction
Overreaction of immune system to harmless substances, Involves specific immune cells and chemical mediators, Rapid onset of symptoms, Variable severity
50
Explain briefly the 2 types of allergic reaction.
Immediate hypersensitivity (within minutes), delayed hypersensitivity (could take up to hours or days)
51
Name the severe and potentially fatal allergic reaction and 2 clinical manifestations of this condition.
Severe allergic reaction (Anaphylaxis): Difficulty breathing, severe drop in blood pressure
52
Melody took some prawns for dinner and started having trouble in breathing and rashes on her skin. She has developed allergic reaction. Describe briefly the process of allergic reaction in Melody’s body.
Initial exposure to prawns (allergen), Recognition by immune system, Release of histamine and other mediators, Rapid onset of symptoms (Respiratory distress, Skin manifestations (rash), Systemic response), Clinical presentation requiring immediate medical attention
53
Identify the 4 layers of the digestive tract from the innermost to the outermost layer.
Mucosa, Submuscosa, Muscularis, Serosa
54
Outline the passage of food through the digestive tract in the body in the correct order.
Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
55
Explain briefly the role of the following structures in the digestion of food: a) Mouth: b) Stomach: c) Small intestine:
a) Mouth: Mechanical breakdown by teeth, Chemical digestion by salivary amylase, Mixing and formation of food bolus, Initial taste and smell processing b) Stomach: Mechanical churning of food, Chemical digestion by gastric juices, Protein denaturation, Formation of chyme c) Small intestine: Major site of nutrient absorption, Enzyme action from pancreas, Bile salt emulsification, Selective nutrient uptake
56
Outline 3 functions of the stomach.
Mechanical functions, chemical functions and storage funtions
57
Outline 3 functions of the small intestine
Absorption functions, digestive functions and selective funtions
58
Explain briefly 3 functions of the large intestine.
Water conservation, water processing, microbial functions
59
Outline the process of defaecation
Storage phase, preparation phase, elimination phase
60
Identify the 4 accessory digestive organs
Liver, pancreas, Gallbladder, salivary glands
61
Explain briefly 3 functions of the liver.
Digestive functions, metabolic functions, regulatory functions
62
Identify the 3 types of salivary glands
Parotid glands, submandibular glands, sublingual glands
63
Mr Tow is diagnosed with terminal colorectal cancer and is experiencing severe pain in his abdomen. Identify the 3 pharmacotherapy that can help to manage Mr Tow’s pain.
Non-opioid medications (NSAIDs (e.g., ibuprofen), Acetaminophen, Corticosteroids), opioid medications (Morphine, Fentanyl, Oxycodone), adjuvant therapies (Anticonvulsants, Antidepressants, Muscle relaxants)
64
Mr Tow is diagnosed with terminal colorectal cancer and is experiencing severe pain in his abdomen. Name 3 opioids that the doctor can possibly prescribe for Mr Tow to manage his pain.
Morphine, Fentanyl, oxycodone
65
List 3 possible side effects for each of the opioid named above.
Morphine: Constipation, Nausea and vomiting, Respiratory depression Fentanyl: Drowsiness, Confusion, Skin irritation (patch) Oxycodone: Dizziness, Headache, Abdominal pain
66
Mr Tow is diagnosed with terminal colorectal cancer and is experiencing severe pain in his abdomen. Outline 3 considerations when managing Mr Tow who is on opioids
Regular pain level evaluation, Monitoring for side effects, monitor vital signs frequently
67
Mdm Thila started experiencing excessive thirst and increased frequency in urination. She went to the doctor and was diagnosed with Type II Diabetes Mellitus. Identify 2 non-pharmacotherapies for Mdm Thila.
Dietary modifications, physical activity
68
Mdm Thila started experiencing excessive thirst and increased frequency in urination. She went to the doctor and was diagnosed with Type II Diabetes Mellitus. Name 3 types of Oral Hypoglycaemic Agents (OHGA) that can be prescribed for Mdm Thila and give an example each.
Metformin, Sulfonylureas, Acarbose
69
Explain briefly the action of each of the Oral Hypoglycaemic Agents (OHGA) named above
Metformin: Reduces hepatic glucose production Sulfonylureas: Stimulates pancreatic insulin release Acarbose: Enhances peripheral insulin sensitivity
70
Mdm Thila started experiencing excessive thirst and increased frequency in urination. She went to the doctor and was diagnosed with Type II Diabetes Mellitus. Name 3 types of insulin that can be prescribed for Mdm Thila and give an example each.
Rapid-acting: Taken before meals to control post-meal blood sugar spikes. Long-acting: Provides basal insulin coverage throughout the day. Premixed insulin: Provides both meal-time and basal insulin coverage.
71
Outline the principle of insulin pharmacotherapy and its implications
Mimics natural insulin patterns, Individualized dosing, Multiple administration options
72
Identify 3 possible side effects of insulin
Hypoglycaemia, weight gain, Injections site reactions
73
Mr Tong experienced severe joint pain and have swelling over his knees and toes. He was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. Identify 3 pharmacological interventions for Mr Tong and give an example each.
DMARDs (Example: Methotrexate, Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs), biologics (Example: Etanercept, Targeted therapy), NSAIDs (Example: Ibuprofen, Anti-inflammatory)
74
Mr Tong experienced severe joint pain and have swelling over his knees and toes. He was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis. DMARDs (Example: Methotrexate, Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs), biologics (Example: Etanercept, Targeted therapy), NSAIDs (Example: Ibuprofen, Anti-inflammatory) Explain briefly how each pharmacotherapy named above can help Mr Tong with his condition.
DMARDs: Slows disease progression, Biologics: Targets specific inflammatory pathways, NSAIDs: Reduces inflammation and pain
75
List 3 possible side effects of each pharmacotherapy DMARDs, Biologics & NSAIDs
DMARDs: Liver damage, Bone marrow suppression, Increased infections Biologics: Increased infection risk, Allergic reactions, Injection site reactions NSAIDs: Stomach ulcers, Kidney damage, Bleeding risk
76
Mr Tong experienced severe joint pain and have swelling over his knees and toes. He was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis.Outline 3 considerations when nursing Mr Tong who is put on the above-named pharmacotherapy. Outline 3 considerations when nursing Mr Tong who is put on the above-named pharmacotherapy.
Monitoring drug effectiveness, monitor side effects, educate patient on lifestyle modifications
77
Melissa was admitted for the treatment of hyperthyroidism. List 3 possible symptoms that Melissa may experience.
Palpitations, weight loss, tremors
78
Melissa was admitted for the treatment of hyperthyroidism. Identify 2 pharmacotherapy that can be prescribed for Melissa and give an example each.
Carbimazole & propylthiouracil
79
Melissa was admitted for the treatment of hyperthyroidism. Explain briefly how each pharmacotherapy (Carbimazole & propylthiouracil) can help Melissa with her condition.
Carbimazole: They prevent iodine from being oxidised in the thyroid gland which results in diminished thyroid hormone synthesis. Propylthiouracil: Inhibits the conversion of T4 to T3 in the peripheral circulation
80
Melissa was admitted for the treatment of hyperthyroidism. Outline 3 considerations when nursing Melissa who is put on the Carbimazole & propylthiouracil
Assessing thyroid function tests, education on patient to take propylthiouracil with food, regular follow-ups
81
Melissa was admitted for the treatment of hyperthyroidism. Identify the pharmacotherapy for Melissa post-thyroidectomy.
Thyroid hormone replacement. Example: Levothyroxine
82
State 3 possible side effects of the thyroid replacement hormone.
Weight changes, Fatigue, Hair loss
83
List 3 possible side effects of each pharmacotherapy (Carbimazole & propylthiouracil)
Carbimazole & propylthiouracil: Ear disorders - hearing impairment Gastrointestinal - abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting Potentially fatal – Severe liver injury, acute liver failure and vasculitis

Nursing (12 decks)

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